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Abstract
This review discusses important scientific progress, problems, and prospects of lignin-based materials in the field of rechargeable batteries. Lignin, a component of the secondary cell wall, is considered a promising source of biomass. Compared to cellulose, which is the most extensively studied biomass material, lignin has a competitive price and a variety of functional groups leading to broad utilization such as adhesive, emulsifier, pesticides, polymer composite, carbon precursor, etc. The lignin-based materials can also be applied to various components in rechargeable batteries such as the binder, separator, electrolyte, anode, and cathode. This review describes how lignin-based materials are adopted in these five components with specific examples and explains why lignin is attractive in each case. The electrochemical behaviors including charge–discharge profiles, cyclability, and rate performance are discussed between lignin-based materials and materials without lignin. Finally, current limitations and future prospects are categorized to provide design guidelines for advanced lignin-based materials.
Highlights
Lignocellulosic biomass, which is primarily constituted of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, is one of the most naturally abundant resources on Earth [1]
To investigate electrochemical behaviors of cells fabricated using lignin-based binders, three different types of lignin prepared by soda, kraft, and organosolv processes were mixed with 85 wt% mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), 10% binder, 5% Super P, and NMP to fabricate electrodes [43]
The durable structure and abundant functional groups of lignin lead to great mechanical strength, binding ability, and ion conductivity, which derives improved ability in the binder, separator, and gel electrolyte
Summary
Lignocellulosic biomass, which is primarily constituted of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, is one of the most naturally abundant resources on Earth [1]. The second-most prevalent natural polymer, chemically and spatially interacts with hemicellulose and cellulose fibers (Figure 1) [11,12] It has complex amorphous three-dimensional (3D) macromolecules with different methoxylated phenylpropanoid units [5,13,14,15]. Lignin is processed or recycled for use in rechargeable batteries, and it shows great promise to improve the mechanical stability, ionic conductivity, thermal stability, redox-active material storage, and metal ion storage [31,32,33,34,35]. The highly condensed linkage of lignin offers high mechanical strength and rigidity, which are crucial features in binders and separators These traits of lignin provoke tremendous research and development of lignin-based binders, separators, and electrolytes for rechargeable batteries [39,40,41]
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