Layered two-dimensional black phosphorous-based hybrid electrodes for rechargeable batteries

Abstract

Black phosphorous (BP) is a new-generation layered two-dimensional (2D) material, which is an allotrope of phosphorous. The salient features of BP envisage it to be an emerging material in the family of 2D materials that find applications such as a functional catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction, electrode-active material for supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries, etc. A detailed review on the potential applications of BP in the field of rechargeable batteries is lacking in the literature to date. This motivated me to write a review on BP-based hybrid electrodes for rechargeable batteries. Initially, I discuss the properties of the BP such as mechanical, electronic, structural, etc., which are unique for these materials when compared to that of other 2D materials. Further, the various methods available for the synthesis of BP such as chemical vapor deposition, wet-chemical synthesis, liquid exfoliation, electrochemical exfoliation, etc. are portraited. Furthermore, a detailed discussion on the application of BP in various rechargeable batteries such as lithium-ion batteries, lithium-metal batteries, sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, and magnesium-ion batteries are provided by emphasizing the preparation of BP-based hybrid electrodes. The advantages of BP-based hybrid electrodes such as high specific capacity, long cycle life, good electrochemical cycling stability, etc. proclaims their potential use in next-generation rechargeable batteries.