Abstract
Objectives To examine whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is expressed in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells, and whether activation of PPARγ by its ligands can have multiple antitumor effects on human RCC cells in vitro. Methods We examined the expression of PPARγ in four human RCC cell lines by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemical staining. The effects of two PPARγ ligands, pioglitazone and 15-deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J 2, on cell proliferation were investigated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-thiazoly]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The induction of apoptosis by the ligands was examined using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling method and Annexin V assay. Furthermore, we investigated whether these ligands suppressed the production of angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results PPARγ and retinoid X receptor, which forms a heterodimer with PPARγ, were expressed in all RCC cell lines. In addition, immunocytochemical studies showed expression of PPARγ protein in the RCC cells. PPARγ ligands inhibited the cell growth in all cells in a dose-dependent manner. These ligands also induced apoptosis. Furthermore, secretion of both vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor was inhibited by these ligands in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Conclusions Ligands for PPARγ have multiple antitumor effects in human RCC cells in vitro. Activation of the PPARγ pathway may be a new strategy for treatment of patients with RCC.
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Disclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.