Abstract
Community assembly processes on islands are often non‐random. The mechanisms behind non‐random assembly, however, are generally difficult to disentangle. Functional diversity in combination with a null model approach that accounts for differences in species richness among islands can be used to test for non‐random assembly processes, but has been applied rarely to island communities. By linking functional diversity of trees on islands with a null model approach, we bridge this gap and test for the role of stochastic versus non‐random trait‐mediated assembly processes in shaping communities by studying functional diversity–area relationships. We measured 11 plant functional traits linked to species dispersal and resource acquisition strategies of 57 tree species on 40 tropical islands. We grouped traits into four life‐history dimensions representing 1) dispersal ability, 2) growth strategy, 3) light acquisition and 4) nutrient acquisition. To test for non‐random assembly processes, we used null models that account for differences in species richness among the islands. Our results reveal contrasting responses of the four life‐history dimensions to island area. The dispersal and the growth strategy dimensions were underdispersed on smaller islands, whereas the light acquisition dimension was overdispersed. The nutrient acquisition dimension did not deviate from null expectations. With increasing island area, shifts in the strength of non‐random assembly processes increased the diversity of dispersal and acquisition strategies in island communities. Our results suggest that smaller islands may be more difficult to colonize and provide more limited niche space compared to larger islands, whose tree communities are likely determined by stochastic processes and higher niche diversity. Our null model approach highlights that analyzing the functional diversity of different life‐history dimensions provides a powerful framework to unravel community assembly processes on islands. These complex, non‐random assembly processes are masked by measures of functional diversity that do not account for differences in species richness between islands.
Highlights
Islands constitute natural experiments to test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses in spatially discrete arenas (Whittaker and Fernández-Palacios 2007)
Our results suggest that smaller islands may be more difficult to colonize and provide more limited niche space compared to larger islands, whose tree communities are likely determined by stochastic processes and higher niche diversity
Species richness increased in a linear fashion with island area (Fig. 3a), mirroring the wellsupported linear species–area relationship in log–log space (Triantis et al 2012)
Summary
Islands constitute natural experiments to test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses in spatially discrete arenas (Whittaker and Fernández-Palacios 2007). The study of islands has yielded many influential theories on the maintenance of species diversity in isolated and fragmented habitats, the most prominent being MacArthur and Wilson’s equilibrium theory of island biogeography (ETIB; MacArthur and Wilson 1967). ETIB posits that species richness on islands results from a dynamic equilibrium of random colonisation and extinction events, where larger and less isolated islands support more species than smaller and more isolated ones (MacArthur and Wilson 1967). ETIB provides a quantitative framework to study species richness patterns on islands. It assumes that community assembly processes on islands are neutral, calling for extended theories to examine species assembly processes on islands. Trait-based approaches to island biogeography have been proposed to provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of island community assembly (Ottaviani et al 2020) and to disentangle the role of random and non-random assembly processes (Jacquet et al 2017, Si et al 2017)
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