Abstract
ABSTRACT The increasing detrimental effect of conventional hydrocarbon fuels is leading scientists to explore hydrogen as sustainable energy fuel to meet the growing global energy needs. By 2030, the global demand for hydrogen is expected to increase to 180 million tonnes. Hydrogen can generate more energy per mass in comparison to conventional energy sources and is considered one of the cleanest fuels. Hydrogen has an exceptionally higher heating value ranging from 120 MJ/kg to 141.8 MJ/kg at 298 K. Hydrogen production is done from fossil fuel, biomass, and electrolysis through technologies like thermo-chemical, biomass gasification, water electrolysis, and solar splitting. Currently, hydrogen is generated by biomass gasification, steam methane reforming, and coal gasification. Almost 80% of the hydrogen production technologies are focused on steam conversion via fossil fuel and almost 70% of them are carried out by natural gas steam reforming. However, the assessment of the environmental impacts of all these methods is an essential factor to be considered for production purposes. In this paper, different hydrogen production methods are discussed. The environmental impacts of hydrogen production techniques were also assessed. In this work, an evaluation of the lifecycle assessments of several hydrogen generation technologies has been done. It was observed that biomass conversion to hydrogen is an environmentally benign process than other production methods. A comparison of the efficiency of several hydrogen-producing techniques along with the cost of hydrogen produced per unit ($/kg) has been performed in this study.
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