Abstract
Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) is a natural biocementation that takes place in corals, stromatolites and beach rocks. In recent years, researchers have explored the emulation of this process as a sustainable alternative of engineered cement. Although the natural process is undoubtedly sustainable, its engineered variant deviates substantially from the natural process. In this paper, we investigate the environmental and economic performance of the engineered biocementation process vis-à-vis present manufacturing of calcium carbonate. SimaPro 8.0 software and the Ecoinvent V2.2 database were used for materials inputs and AUSLCI along with Cumulative Energy Demand 2.01 software were used for carbon footprint and eutrophication potential. Our results show that different metabolic pathways of MICP have considerably varying environmental impact. We observe that nature performs MICP sustainably at ambient conditions and geological time scales utilizing naturally occurring sources of carbon and calcium at micromoles concentrations. Due to the mandate on duration of construction projects, highly purified reactants in a high concentration are used in the engineered process. This has a negative environmental impact. We conclude that the sustainability of engineered MICP is directly impacted by the metabolic pathway of bacteria as well as the purity of the input chemicals. A few biotic processes are superior to the present industrial process for manufacturing calcium carbonate if ingredients of laboratory grade purity are replaced by industrial grade products. A bigger dividend can be obtained by introducing industry by-products as nutrients. The results of this study help to direct future research for developing sustainable biocement for the construction industry.
Highlights
Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) is a form of mineralisation that is responsible for major carbonate formations in nature such as corals, stromatolites and beach rocks [1]
The environmental impacts of 1 kg of calcium carbonate produced using carbonic anhydrase producing bacteria, methanogens, cyanobacteria, denitrifying bacteria, ureolytic bacteria and myxobacteria are compared to the environmental impact of 1 kg of calcium carbonate produced using the traditional carbonation process
With the exception of Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) through denitrification, calcium carbonate produced through MICP has a lower carbon footprint than an equal quantity of calcium carbonate produced through the traditional carbonation process
Summary
Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) is a form of mineralisation that is responsible for major carbonate formations in nature such as corals, stromatolites and beach rocks [1]. The grains of sand can be bound together through MICP. MICP is biocementation that occurs at ambient conditions with no additional source of energy and with water as the solvent. The construction industry, on the other hand, is heavily reliant on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) that produces roughly the same amount of greenhouse gases as its own weight [2]. Nearly 3.6 billion tonnes of OPC is produced, which accounts for approximately 6% of anthropological greenhouse gases. Researchers are exploring the emulation of the natural cementation process as a means of achieving sustainability in construction. Et al [3] conclude that harnessing the biological processes that occur in natural formations is the transformative practise for geotechnical engineering.
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