Abstract
Nowadays, microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has received great attention for its potential in construction and geotechnical applications. This technique has been used in biocementation of sand, consolidation of soil, production of self-healing concrete or mortar, and removal of heavy metal ions from water. The products of MICP often have enhanced strength, durability, and self-healing ability. Utilization of the MICP technique can also increase sustainability, especially in the construction industry where a huge portion of the materials used is not sustainable. The presence of bacteria is essential for MICP to occur. Bacteria promote the conversion of suitable compounds into carbonate ions, change the microenvironment to favor precipitation of calcium carbonate, and act as precipitation sites for calcium carbonate crystals. Many bacteria have been discovered and tested for MICP potential. This paper reviews the bacteria used for MICP in some of the most recent studies. Bacteria that can cause MICP include ureolytic bacteria, non-ureolytic bacteria, cyanobacteria, nitrate reducing bacteria, and sulfate reducing bacteria. The most studied bacterium for MICP over the years is Sporosarcina pasteurii. Other bacteria from Bacillus species are also frequently investigated. Several factors that affect MICP performance are bacterial strain, bacterial concentration, nutrient concentration, calcium source concentration, addition of other substances, and methods to distribute bacteria. Several suggestions for future studies such as CO2 sequestration through MICP, cost reduction by using plant or animal wastes as media, and genetic modification of bacteria to enhance MICP have been put forward.
Highlights
Technology integration in construction and other industries will make the applications of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) easier
The advantage of using carbonic anhydrase producing bacteria is that they take CO2 from air and change it to HCO3 −, which reacts with Ca(OH)2 to form CaCO3
Analysis showed that MICP was detected up to 40 mm depth and CaCO3 was denser at surface because it is hard for CO2 to diffuse into the inner layer
Summary
Induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a process that occurs when microorganisms, especially bacteria, are provided with appropriate substrates and induce. Induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a process that occurs when microorganisms, especially bacteria, are provided with appropriate substrates and induce the the formation of calcium carbonate ItInhappens in nature all around the world This This process has has coated the the surfaces of various natural structures and left hints about past ages for researchers to discover. The bacteria produce necessary enzymes such as urease and carbonic anhydrase to convert appropriate compounds into carbonate ions [16] These activities change the microenvironment to favor precipitation of CaCO3 in the presence of calcium ions. This paper will help in future studies to further improve the MICP processes
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