Abstract
Along with algae as producers in ecosystems and industrial applications, some microalgae existing in special ecological niches through endosymbiosis with other organisms represent fascinating examples of biological evolution. Although reproducing endosymbiosis experimentally is difficult in many situations, endosymbiosis of several ongoing types is possible. Endosymbiosis in Paramecium bursaria is a particularly excellent model. Although many studies of P. bursaria have specifically examined infection processes such as the host recognition of symbionts, coordination of host-symbiont division, which has been explored for eukaryotic organelles, is worth pursuing. Evaluating the cell (life) cycle of algae is crucially important for algal applications. Flow cytometry (FCM) has been used to study cell cycles of several eukaryotic cells including microalgae. Microscopy, however, has been used mainly to study endosymbiosis, as with P. bursaria, because of their larger size than suitable cells for FCM with hydrodynamic focusing. Vast amounts of time have been expended for microscopic analysis. This review presents an approach using capillary FCM to elucidate the endosymbiosis of P. bursaria. Results reveal that endosymbiotic algae of P. bursaria finely adjust their cell cycle schedule with their comfortable host and show that a coincident endosymbiont–host life cycle is virtually assured in their endosymbiosis.
Highlights
Phytoplankton such as microalgae support and underpin aquatic ecosystems, contributing as ecosystem producers to the yields of both fish and shellfish
This review presents an approach for studying the endosymbiosis of P. bursaria using
This review presents an approach for studying the endosymbiosis of P. bursaria using capillary Flow cytometry (FCM) [34] and life cycle behavior between endosymbionts and the host [7]
Summary
Phytoplankton such as microalgae support and underpin aquatic ecosystems, contributing as ecosystem producers to the yields of both fish and shellfish. The establishment of endosymbiosis is related with the stability of the endosymbiotic algae cell cycle, which is controlled by each host cell. A single-cell analysis of P. bursaria using microscopy revealed that endosymbiont numbers double immediately before the host enters the division phase [15,30]. This review presents an approach for studying the endosymbiosis of P. bursaria using capillary FCM [34] and life cycle behavior between endosymbionts and the host [7]. Perceiving each life cycle of individual alga from several hundred endosymbionts in P. bursaria using microscopic operation alone is difficult work. To elucidate endosymbiosis between the P. bursaria bursaria host cell and endosymbiotic algae, developing some method to monitor the life cycle of host cell and endosymbiotic algae, developing some method to monitor the life cycle of endosymbionts endosymbionts in P. bursaria effectively and sensitively is crucially important.
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