Abstract
Water and air differ dramatically in their physical properties, posing numerous physiological challenges for animals that move between aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Nevertheless, more than 200 fish species have evolved an amphibious lifestyle. In this article, the remarkable diversity in amphibious lifestyles among fishes is highlighted, along with a discussion on the potential evolutionary drivers for amphibiousness. Moreover, the article delves into the critical physiological challenges associated with terrestrial exposure, as well as the innovative ways in which amphibious fishes have overcome these challenges to survive and thrive out of water.
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