Abstract
The present paper is focused on the evaluation of the economic influence of a battery lifetime model upon the optimal sizing and energy management strategy of a dual energy storage system (ESS) composed of Lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. The operation of a Hybrid Bus is taken as a case study in order to evaluate the effects of battery lifetime models’ accuracy on ESS sizing and operation in a heavy-duty application. For this purpose, two different lifetime models (a Wöhler-curve-based model and a semi-empirical model) were applied in the multi-objective optimisation of a hybrid electric urban bus. Differences up to ca. 8% on the daily operation costs and ca. 25% on the dual ESS costs were estimated depending on the lifetime model considered for the optimisation.
Highlights
The development of new electrochemical energy storage technologies and the growing maturity of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are promoting the penetration of advanced electro-mobility solutions.In the urban context, one of the most promising alternatives to reduce emissions is the use of hybrid electric buses (HEB), which are considered a more economically viable alternative than full-electric buses in the medium term [1].The implementation of battery-based energy storage systems (ESSs) entails inherent challenges, since the reduction of fuel consumption is related to a higher use of the batteries
This paper extends the analysis provided in by analysing the HEB
The idea behind this modelling approach consists of mathematically expressing the number of events i that can occur during the lifetime of a battery until it reaches its End-of-Life (EOL)
Summary
The development of new electrochemical energy storage technologies and the growing maturity of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are promoting the penetration of advanced electro-mobility solutions. Extending battery lifetime, both in terms of calendar and cycle life, would be crucial to make electric or hybrid buses a cost-competitive alternative to conventional buses [3]. To solve this issue, the use of a dual ESS, composed of batteries (BTs) and supercapacitors (SCs), is investigated in this paper. A multi-objective is defined, which total battery models considered for the targeted (i) aTwo. ESS andMO the optimisation: total fuel costs. Different battery lifetime models model (simple and cost-efficient but lessMO accurate) and (ii)(i)a asemi-empirical lifetimelifetime model lifetime were considered for the targeted optimisation: Wöhler-curve-based These results are compared in to economic terms, behaviour estimated with each model is analysed to approach how the dual ESS would perform in a real application
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