Abstract
The scope of lexical planning, which means how far ahead speakers plan lexically before they start producing an utterance, is an important issue for research into speech production, but remains highly controversial. The present research investigated this issue using the semantic blocking effect, which refers to the widely observed effects that participants take longer to say aloud the names of items in pictures when the pictures in a block of trials in an experiment depict items that belong to the same semantic category than different categories. As this effect is often interpreted as a reflection of difficulty in lexical selection, the current study took the semantic blocking effect and its associated pattern of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) as a proxy to test whether lexical planning during sentence production extends beyond the first noun when a subject noun-phrase includes two nouns, such as “The chair and the boat are both red” and “The chair above the boat is red”. The results showed a semantic blocking effect both in onset latencies and in ERPs during the utterance of the first noun of these complex noun-phrases but not for the second noun. The indication, therefore, is that the lexical planning scope does not encompass this second noun-phrase. Indeed, the present findings are in line with accounts that propose radically incremental lexical planning, in which speakers plan ahead only one word at a time. This study also provides a highly novel example of using ERPs to examine the production of long utterances, and it is hoped the present demonstration of the effectiveness of this approach inspires further application of ERP techniques in this area of research.
Highlights
Linguistic planning refers to the necessary retrieval of words and syntactic building in preparation for producing fluent utterances
Experiment 1 tested whether the semantic blocking effect in RTs and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) observed in single word production could be extended to overt sentence production
The result showed that the semantic blocking effect in onset latencies and ERPs observed in single word production can be extended to overt sentence production, the utterances are much more complicated and the syntactic processing for sentence structures are involved in the speech planning
Summary
Linguistic planning refers to the necessary retrieval of words and syntactic building in preparation for producing fluent utterances. Most models of language production assume that the linguistic planning of an utterance is processed incrementally [1,2,3]. One implication is that utterance articulation can be initiated before all of the constituent words and the entirety of its structure are planned. Based on this incremental hypothesis, a long-standing issue concerns how far ahead speakers plan before they start producing an utterance. This issue is related to a number of important central questions in psycholinguistic studies of language production, PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0146359. This issue is related to a number of important central questions in psycholinguistic studies of language production, PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0146359 January 5, 2016
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