Abstract
Delignified rice husk waste (25.66% (wt) cellulose) was converted to levulinic acid using three types of manganese catalysts, i.e., the Mn3O4/hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite and Mn3O4 heterogenous catalysts, as well as Mn(II) ion homogeneous counterpart. The hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite was prepared using the double template method and modified with Mn3O4 through wet-impregnation method. The structure and physicochemical properties of the catalyst materials were determined using several solid-state characterization techniques. The reaction was conducted in a 200 mL-three neck-round bottom flask at 100 °C and 130 °C for a certain reaction time in the presence of 10% (v/v) phosphoric acid and 2% (v/v) H2O2 aqueous solution, and the product was analyzed using HPLC. In general, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF) as the intermediate product was produced after 2 h and decreased after 4 h reaction time. To conclude, the Mn3O4/hierarchical ZSM-5 heterogenous catalyst gave the highest yield (wt %) of levulinic acid (39.75% and 27.60%, respectively) as the main product, after 8 h reaction time.
Highlights
Levulinic acid (4-oxopentanoic acid) is an important compound used as a platform chemical in alternative energy production, such as the production of γ-valerolactone (GVL), 5-bromolevulinic acid, valeric acid, 2-methyl-THF, and methyl pyrrolidone [1]
X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted to confirm the structure of the as-synthesized ZSM-5 zeolite
According to JCPDS: 24-0734, peaks belong to Mn3O4 crystals. These results indicate the successful preparation of hierarchical Mn3 O4 /ZSM-5 samples
Summary
Levulinic acid (4-oxopentanoic acid) is an important compound used as a platform chemical in alternative energy production, such as the production of γ-valerolactone (GVL), 5-bromolevulinic acid, valeric acid, 2-methyl-THF, and methyl pyrrolidone [1]. It is used as a renewable source for the production of polymers such as its derivative, GVL, which is used as a basis for precursor formation of polymers [2]. One of the important industrial heterogeneous catalysts used as support is micropores zeolite (>2 nm pore diameter) It is well-known that zeolite has thermal and chemical stability, as well as catalytic and adsorption activity [4]. The micropores has limited the application of zeolite in conversion or adsorption of larger substrates
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