Abstract
Natural selection, which has the potential to cause evolutionary change in populations, is a statistical association between phenotypes and their propensity to contribute genes to future generations. When we describe it in such general terms, we permit natural selection to act across several levels of a hierarchy of phenotypes: at the genic level within individuals, at the individual level within groups, and also between groups within a species. This article examines this theory and presents some of its historical development.
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