Abstract
Even with advances in climate modeling, meteorological impact assessment remains elusive, and decision-makers are forced to operate with potentially malinformed predictions. In this article, we investigate the dependence of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulated precipitation and temperature at 12- and 4-km horizontal resolutions and compare it with 32-km NARR data and 1/16th-degree gridded observations for the Midwest U.S. and Great Lakes region from 1991 to 2000. We used daily climatology, inter-annual variability, percentile, and dry days as metrics for inter-comparison for precipitation. We also calculated the summer and winter daily seasonal minimum, maximum, and average temperature to delineate the temperature trends. Results showed that NARR data is a useful precipitation product for mean warm season and summer climatological studies, but performs extremely poorly for winter and cold seasons for this region. WRF model simulations at 12- and 4-km horizontal resolutions were able to capture the lake-effect precipitation successfully when driven by observed lake surface temperatures. Simulations at 4-km showed negative bias in capturing precipitation without convective parameterization but captured the number of dry days and 99th percentile precipitation extremes well. Overall, our study cautions against hastily pushing for increasingly higher resolution in climate studies, and highlights the need for the careful selection of large-scale boundary forcing data.
Highlights
The Midwest United States (U.S.) and the Great Lakes region are one of the world’s most productive agricultural landscapes with the world’s largest freshwater ecosystems and several large urban centers
The Midwest U.S and Great Lakes region gets ample precipitation as rain mostly used for agriculture production
Most of the precipitation occurs in the form of snow
Summary
The Midwest United States (U.S.) and the Great Lakes region are one of the world’s most productive agricultural landscapes with the world’s largest freshwater ecosystems and several large urban centers. The regional climate of the region is influenced by large-scale atmospheric circulations (e.g., moisture from the Gulf of Mexico in the south and arctic air outbreaks from the north), convective activity, and ice cover/water temperature in the Great Lakes (e.g., [1]). This region is usually fertile and has been extensively drained for agriculture. These factors contribute to large seasonal and daily variations in air temperature, including hot summers, cold winters, and occasional periods of drought and deluge.
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