Lesion magnetic susceptibility response to hyperoxic challenge: A biomarker for malignant brain tumor microenvironment?

Abstract

Background and purposeQuantitative susceptibility mapping has been previously used to differentiate lesions in patients with brain tumors. The aim of this work was to characterize the response of magnetic susceptibility differences in malignant brain tumors and surrounding edema to hyperoxic and hypercapnic respiratory challenges. MethodsImages of malignant brain tumor patients (2 glioblastoma multiforme, 2 anaplastic astrocytoma, 1 brain metastasis) with clinical MRI exams (contrast-enhanced T1w) were acquired at 3T. 3D multi-gradient-echo data sets were acquired while the patients inhaled medical-air (21% O2), oxygen (100% O2), and carbogen (95% O2, 5% CO2). Susceptibility maps were generated from real and imaginary data. Regions of interest were analyzed with respect to respiration-gas-induced susceptibility changes. ResultsContrast-enhancing tumor regions with high baseline magnetic susceptibility exhibited a marked susceptibility reduction under hyperoxic challenges, with a stronger effect (−0.040 to −0.100ppm) under hypercapnia compared to hyperoxia (−0.010 to −0.067ppm). In contrast, regions attributed to necrotic tissue and to edema showed smaller changes of opposite sign, i.e. paramagnetic shift. There was a correlation between malignant tumor tissue magnetic susceptibility at baseline under normoxia and the corresponding susceptibility reduction under hypercapnia and – to a lesser degree – under hyperoxia. ConclusionIn this small cohort of analysis, quantification of susceptibility changes in response to respiratory challenges allowed a complementary, functional differentiation of tumorous sub-regions. Those changes, together with the correlations observed between baseline susceptibility under normoxia and susceptibility reduction with challenges, could prove helpful for a non-invasive characterization of local tumor microenvironment.