Les sciences cognitives en France

Abstract

The Institutionalisation of Cognitive Sciences in France The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the different stages of the institutional process which led to the structuring of cognitive sciences in France between 1985 and 2003. This research is based on reports written for the CNRS and the Research Ministry; it underlines the professional and disciplinary interests of the concerned participants. This study shows that two main orientations divide the researchers. For those who identify cognitive functions with logical operations, the computer constitute the model and thought is perceived like a system of symbols’ handling ; whereas for those interested in neurophysiological mechanisms, the study of the mind belongs to neurosciences. The analysis of the institutional process shows that the cognitive sciences’ frontiers are the results of negotiations between disciplines and that economic and political factors contribute to amend their contours. The comparison with United States indicates a gap of twenty years; the first American cognitive sciences centre was created in 1960. The development of artificial intelligence during the Cold War is one reason of the origin of this gap, depended also by the concentration of resources and most efficient computers available to the American pioneers of artificial intelligence. As for the neurosciences researchers, in France as well as in United States, one has to wait the middle of the 1980’s to see a beginning of the process of institutionalisation in the field of the cognitive sciences, changing the original orientations.