Leishmania donovani: cellular and humoral immune responses in Indian langur monkeys, Presbytis entellus

Abstract

We have previously reported that disease mimicking human visceral leishmaniasis can be established in Presbytis entellus, the Indian langur monkey, following a single intravenous challenge of 10 8 Leishmania donovani amastigotes. In the present report, infection was assessed in monkeys infected intravenously with a single dose of 10 8 amastigotes (HDA group), three weekly doses of 10 7 amastigotes (LDA group) and three weekly doses of 5×10 7 promastigotes (HDP group). Typical clinical infection was established in all three groups with significant parasite load. There was a gradual and sustained rise in anti-leishmania specific immunoglobulin G response, and a severe fall in the lymphoproliferative response to the T cell mitogens PHA and Con A by day 80 post infection (p.i.). The antibody level remained elevated until death in monkeys of the HDA and HDP groups; the T-cell responses showed a recovery prior to death. T-cell responses to leishmania antigen, however, could not be demonstrated in any of these monkeys prior to death. One monkey of the LDA group survived for 155 days and two monkeys spontaneously eradicated the infection. Surprisingly, one monkey of the HDA group also achieved spontaneous cure. In the three monkeys which eradicated infection spontaneously, the antibody level declined to baseline levels on day 180 p.i. with a well demonstrable antigen specific lymphoproliferative response; no parasites could be demonstrated in splenic aspirates by direct examination of culture. These data demonstrate that disease severity may be the function of the total inoculum dose rather than the stage of the parasite and that the immunological responses in the Indian langur model parallel the reported changes in human visceral leishmaniasis. This makes the langur a potentially useful model for the evaluation of candidate anti-leishmanial drugs and vaccines.