Legitimacy Crisis and ‘Popular Uprisings’ in North Africa

Abstract

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. International Crisis Group (ICG), ‘Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (II): Yemen Between Reform and Revolution’, Middle East/North Africa Report No. 102, 10 March 2011, p. 1. 2. David Carment and Yiagadeesen Samy, The Social Underpinnings of the Current unrest in North Africa and the Middle East, Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute, February 2011, p. 4. 3. See ‘People Power in Tunisia’, 17 January 2011, at http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Editorials/Article.aspx?id=203892 (Accessed 19 May 2011). 4. Rym Ayadi, Silvia Colombo, Mariaa Cristina Paciello and Nathalie Tocci, ‘The Tunisian Revolution: An Opportunity for Democratic Transition’, Mediterranean Prospects (MEDPRO) Commentary, 24 January 2011, p. 1. 5. David Carment and Yiagadeesen Samy, no. 2, p. 4. 6. Rym Ayadi et al., no. 4. 7. Vicky Cheterian, ‘The Arab Revolt: Roots and Perspectives’, Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP) Policy Paper No. 11, February 2011, p. 3. 8. Ibid., p. 4. 9. Muriel Asseburg and Isabelle Werenfels, ‘The Toppling of Ben Ali: Isolated Development or First Domino?’, Stiftung Wissenchaft und Politik (SWP) Comments 5, February 2011, pp. 1–2. 10. Rym Ayadi et al., no. 4, p. 3. 11. International Crisis Group (ICG), ‘Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (I): Egypt Victorious?’, Middle East/North Africa Report No. 101, 24 February 2011, p. 1. 12. ISTR Africa, African Civil Society Research Network (ACSRN), ‘Power to the People: Popular Uprisings in North Africa’, ACSRN, Vol. 1, 1 March 2011, p. 1. 13. ICG, Crisis Watch: A Monthly Bulletin, 1 February 2011, p. 12. 14. Moaaz Elzoughby, ‘The Egypt's Protest: An Inside View’, Norwegian Peacebuilding Centre, NOREF Report, February 2011, p. 1. 15. Muriel Asseburg and Isabelle Werenfels, no. 9, p. 4. 16. ICG, ‘Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (I): Egypt Victorious?’, no. 11. 17. Ibid., p. 7. 18. Moaaz Elzoughby, no. 14, p. 1. 19. Graeme P. Herd, ‘The Great Arab Revolution: Challenges, Dilemmas and Opportunities’, GCSP Policy Paper No. 12, March 2011, p. 2. 20. Vicky Cheterian, no. 7, p. 3. 21. ICG, ‘Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (I): Egypt Victorious?’, no. 11, p. 7. 22. ICG, Crisis Watch, no. 13, p. 11. 23. Wolfram Lacher, ‘Libya after Qaddafi: State Formation or State Collapse’, SWP Comments 9, March 2011. 24. Graeme P. Herd, no. 19, p. 2; and Muriel Asseburg and Isabelle Werenfels, no. 9, p. 3. 25. Wolfram Lacher, no. 23, p. 1. 26. Ibid., p. 1. 27. ISTR Africa, African Civil Society Research Network (ACSRN), ‘Power to the People’, no. 12, p. 1. 28. Anthony H. Cordesman, ‘Libya: The Three Possible Outcomes and the Role of Governance, Money, Gas, and Oil’, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, March 2011, p. 3. 29. For a discussion on this, see J. Shola Omotola, ‘The AU and NATO: What Manner of Partnership?’, Paper presented at the joint conference organised by NATO Defence College, Rome, Italy and Institute of Security Studies, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, held at Sheraton Hotels, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, February 2012. 30. ICG, ‘Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (I): Egypt Victorious?’, no. 11, p. 3. 31. Ibid., p. 3. 32. Jenifer Bremer, ‘Egypt: Civil Society Success or Spontaneous Combustion?’, ISTRA Africa, ACSRN, Vol. 1, 1 March 2011, p. 3. 33. Muriel Asseburg and Isabelle Werenfels, no. 9, p. 4. 34. Fergus Hanson, ‘Harnessing the Power of the Social Media in International Relations’, ISN Insights, 31 March 2011, p. 2. 35. J. Shola Omotola, ‘Unconstitutional Changes of Government in Africa. What Implications for Democratic Consolidation?’, Sweden: Discussion Paper 70, Nordic African Institute, Uppsala, Sweden, 2011. 36. See ISTR Africa, African Civil Society Research Network (ACSRN), ‘Could Mass Uprisings Ignite the Flame of Democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa?’, ACSRN, Vol. 1, 1 March 2011, p. 2. 37. Muriel Asseburg and Isabelle Werenfels, no. 9, p. 2. 38. See Wale Sokunbi, ‘Revolution: Warnings from Strange Quarters’, 14 December 2011, at http://transparencyng.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5986:revolution-warnings-from-strange-quarters&catid=59:guest&Itemid=37 (Accessed 31 December 2011). 39. Ibid. 40. Rym Ayadi et al., no. 4, p. 3. 41. Moaaz Elzoughby, no. 14, p. 4.