Legal Culture and Legal Consciousness of Consumers: The Influence on Regulation and Enforcement of Consumer Protection Laws

Abstract

Consumers, as end users of products without the intent of resale, require protection due to their lack of economic motives in consumption. State intervention in safeguarding consumers is achieved through the formulation and enforcement of regulations. These regulatory frameworks play a pivotal role in shaping consumer behavior concerning goods and services. Diverse consumer behaviors are observed globally, denoted as consumer legal culture, influenced by various societal backgrounds. The effectiveness of regulations lies in their alignment with the values embraced by consumers, facilitating enforcement. This article aims to scrutinize consumer behavior in three distinct countries—Indonesia, Spain, and Australia—each characterized by unique cultures that profoundly impact consumer behavior, as well as the development and implementation of regulations. This article highlights that consumer behavior in Indonesia diverges from some countries, displaying a tendency toward weaker self-protection. Despite Indonesia's diverse society, consumer awareness of product scrutiny is lacking. Notably, affordability often trumps safety and quality considerations, reflecting a broader trend. Legal awareness is low, attributed to insufficient education and information on consumer rights. Weaknesses in consumer protection regulations and inconsistent enforcement contribute to perceptions of inadequate safeguards. Globally, varying social and cultural conditions shape consumer behavior, highlighting the common challenge of fostering awareness and proactive engagement in ensuring product safety and quality.