Learning to cope with everyday instances of social exclusion: A review of emotional and cognitive strategies for children and adolescents

SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF EARLY AND PRESCHOOL CHILDREN: CONCEPTUALIZATION, RISKS AND INTERVENTION MODEL This paper contains an analysis of the construct of social exclusion with special focus on children. It is based on a review of the literature on social exclusion and the risks of social exclusion, using a qualitative method of document analysis. Social exclusion of children in early and preschool age is defined as a multidimensional construct that includes economic, social, cultural, health and other aspects of unfavourable circumstances and deprivation which individually or in combination may have an adverse impact on child development. According to this definition, risks which can influence the children’s current development, health and quality of life, as well as their adult life, are analysed. The analysed risks include the characteristics of the children themselves, as well as their families and the characteristics of the support system for the child and parents. Based on the analysis of the risks of social exclusion of children of early and preschool age, a model of intervention was suggested, which takes into account a close cooperation of the healthcare system and the system of social care and education. Key words: social exclusion; children in early and preschool age; risks; model of interventions

Use of Psychoactive Substances and Health Care in Response to Anxiety and Depressive Disorders

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Acknowledgements Contributors Chapter 1. A Social Psychological Framework for Understanding Social Inclusion and Exclusion Dominic Abrams, Michael A. Hogg and Jose M. Marques SECTION A: INDIVIDUAL INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION Chapter 2. Social Exclusion Increases Aggression and Self-defeating Behavior while Reducing Intelligent Thought and Prosocial Behavior Jean M. Twenge and Roy F. Baumeister Chapter 3. Reacting to Ostracism: Retaliation or Reconciliation? Kipling D. Williams and Cassandra L. Govan Chapter 4. Stigma and Social Exclusion Brenda Major and Collette P. Eccleston Chapter 5. The Role of Exclusion in Maintaining Ingroup Inclusion Cynthia L. Pickett and Marilynn B. Brewer Chapter 6. Exclusion of the Self by Close Others and by Groups: Implications of the Self-Expansion Model Tracy McGlaughlin-Volpe, Art Aron, Stephen C. Wright and Gary W. Lewandowski Jr. SECTION B: GROUP DYNAMICS OF INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION Chapter 7. Managing Group Composition: Inclusive and Exclusive Role Transitions John M. Levine, Richard L. Moreland, and Leslie R. M. Hausmann Chapter 8. When Bad Becomes Good (and Vice Versa): Why Social Exclusion Is Not Based on Difference Dominic Abrams, Georgina Randsley de Moura, Paul Hutchison and G.Tendayi Viki Chapter 9. Fringe Dwellers: Processes of Deviance and Marginalization in Groups Michael A. Hogg and Kelly S. Fielding and John Darley Chapter 10. Delinquency: Cause or consequence of social exclusion? Nicholas Emler and Stephen Reicher SECTION C: INTERGROUP INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION Chapter 11. Social Inclusion and Exclusion: Recategorization and the Perception of Intergroup Boundaries John F. Dovidio, Samuel L. Gaertner, Gordon Hodson, Melissa A. Houlette and Kelly M. Johnson Chapter 12. Intergroup Contact in a Divided Society: Challenging Segregation in Northern Ireland Miles Hewstone, Ed Cairns, Alberto Voci, Stefania Paolini, Frances McLernon, Richard J. Crisp, Ulrike, Niens and Jean Craig Chapter 13. Cognitive Representations and Exclusion of Immigrants: Why Red-Nosed Reindeer Don't Play Games Diana R. Rice and Brian Mullen Chapter 14. Attitudes toward Immigrants and Immigration: The Role of National and International Identity Victoria M. Esses, John F. Dovidio, Antoinette Semenya and Lynne M. Jackson Author Index Subject Index

Focus of this research paper is to assess social exclusion in children due to underage employment in Peshawar-Pakistan. Social exclusion in children was found significantly and positively associated with undertaking paid work, leave entitlement in the job, low monetary returns, long work duration and harsh treatment from employer. Moreover, social exclusion was pronounced in children from families with health problems, insufficient amount for food, education, utility bills, new cloths and honorable social life. Likelihood of social exclusion in children increases with their involvement in paid job, feminine gender, belonging to religious minorities and are from single parent family, however, likelihood of social exclusion decreases when a child stops feeling himself as poor. Protecting children against underage employment, provision of economic security at family level and forceful and broader application of child labor law in both public and private sectors of economy by the government with a comprehensive follow up strategy were suggested policy recommendations.

Introduction People aged 80 and beyond constitute the fastest growing sector of the Australian population. Referred to as the ‘oldest old’, they are generally assumed to be most vulnerable to social exclusion, yet their voices are seldom studied. Although there is no consensus when it comes to a definition of social exclusion, nor measurement, or systematic collection of data, social exclusion is often conceptualised as a dynamic process by which individuals, groups and populations are prevented from realising their rights and opportunities for health and wellbeing (Popay et al., 2008). This thesis addresses a key gap in the literature, namely, to examine the context, causes, and consequences of social exclusion among the oldest old. Method Guided by the paradigm of constructivism, this thesis employed a critical gerontology theoretical framework and a mixed-methods research design (quantitative and qualitative). The first study was a cross-sectional analysis of a national data source (Housing, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia wave 16, n= 307) and examined whether individual- and neighbourhood-level characteristics were associated with perceived social exclusion, and whether these factors relate to health using ANOVA and multivariable linear regression. Measures of individual-level characteristics included household composition, housing tenure, annual equivalised income, country of birth, level of education, and disability status. The neighbourhood-level characteristic measured was neighbourhood area disadvantage. The social exclusion measures covered perceived unsupportive relationships, perceived neighbourhood exclusion and community disengagement, and were derived via Principal Components Analysis. The contribution of social exclusion to the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and health was examined using effect modification analysis. The qualitative study consisted of in-depth semi-structured interviews with a subgroup often missing in population surveys but singled out in the literature as being at risk of social exclusion: public housing residents who live alone. Purposive sampling, which included doorknocking, recruited 13 participants. Transcriptions of interviews were examined using thematic analysis. Findings based on the integration and interpretation of the quantitative and qualitative study are drawn together to offer new knowledge about social exclusion amongst the oldest old. Results Household composition, level of education and neighbourhood disadvantage were found to be associated with differing vulnerability and differing measures (domains) of social exclusion for men and women. Oldest old men who live alone (compared to those in multi-person households) were more likely to perceive themselves to be lacking in supportive relationships. For men, living in poorer neighbourhoods was associated with a heightened perception of feeling their neighbourhood was unsafe. Conversely, living alone for women was associated with higher levels of community engagement. For women, living in poorer neighbourhoods was associated with higher levels of neighbourhood cohesion. Both men and women with lower levels of education than their counterparts were more disengaged from their community. These associations remained significant after adjustment for sociodemographic factors. The second component of the quantitative study revealed limited evidence that individual- and neighbourhood characteristics influenced self-reported health. For men, higher income and disability status were significantly associated with poorer general health, and for women, living in a multi-person household and reporting a disability were significantly associated with poor general health. For both men and women, disability was the only factor found to be significantly associated with poorer mental health, suggesting that mental health was similar irrespective of household composition, housing tenure, income level, country of birth, education, and whether one lived in an advantaged or disadvantaged neighbourhood. There was limited evidence of the moderating effect of social exclusion on the relationship between individual- and neighbourhood characteristics and health. Contrary to expectations, it appeared that higher levels of social exclusion contributed to better health. For example: for women who were born in a country where English was not the native language, higher perceptions of neighbourhood exclusion (i.e. crime and noise) had a positive effect on mental health; and for women living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods increasing neighbourhood noise had a positive effect on general health. From the qualitative study, seven themes emerged from the interviews which seemed to have a protective effect on perceptions of non-social exclusion. These were sense of supportive relationships, sense of neighbourhood, sense of physical and mental health, sense of home and autonomy, life-course experiences, psychological beliefs and adaptations, and contributing to society. The qualitative interviews showed that lone dwelling oldest old living in public housing did not identify with social exclusion. Discussion and Conclusions A growing body of literature suggests that the oldest old, especially those from a disadvantaged background, are vulnerable to the poor health and wellbeing outcomes of social exclusion. The oldest old are underrepresented in social exclusion research. The integration of the mixed method findings via meta-inference provides new and deeper insight into the interrelationship and pathways between ageing and exclusion from participants own perceptions and lived experience. First, there was limited compelling evidence of social exclusion amongst vulnerable groups of oldest old. Second, some characteristics thought to increase vulnerability to social exclusion, such as living alone and lower socioeconomic position (e.g. public housing residents) appeared to reduce the likelihood that the oldest old perceived themselves to be socially excluded. Third, the findings point to the need for critical reflection on the definition and measurement of social exclusion, and researchers’ role in the propagation of ageist assumptions equating advanced age with social exclusion. The findings support a public health response that includes prevention and intervention. Prevention strategies addressing socioeconomic inequalities over the life-course, such as access to health, education, community care, housing and income security, are examples that could reduce oldest old social exclusion. Individual-level intervention strategies that foster social relationships also have potential. Recommendations for further research are to increase representation of the oldest old in social exclusion research and to explore life-course resilience - both of which are important for challenging current negative ageist stereotypes that equate old with exclusion.

Advertisers have begun to recognize the role of inclusive advertising in consumer well-being. One way to increase inclusivity is to minimize experiences of exclusion using marketing tools. Although social exclusion is common in today’s world, current academic literature is mostly silent on how advertising can mitigate the negative effects of exclusion. This article initiates the discussion on inclusive advertising by systematically exploring the underlying phenomena of social exclusion and related concepts (e.g., marginalization, loneliness, and social isolation). Through a bibliometric approach and thematic content analyses that includes more than 490 articles published in the last two decades in marketing, including advertising, communication, and psychology journals, we evaluate the mechanisms and consequences of social exclusion. We discuss several avenues for future research, present propositions, and suggest guidelines on (1) how marketers can design inclusive advertising, (2) how advertising can cater to the needs of excluded consumers, and (3) how advertising may alleviate the negative effects of social exclusion and enhance consumer psychological well-being.

The social exclusion of children is problematic for two reasons. Young people typically inherit their marginal position from their family, and therefore cannot be held responsible for their hardship themselves; and social exclusion in childhood may affect their wellbeing and subsequent development, possibly leading to a “scarring effect” in later life. In this contribution we develop an instrument for measuring social exclusion among children. Social exclusion is regarded as a theoretical construct with four sub-dimensions: material deprivation, limited social participation, inadequate access to social rights, and a lack of normative integration. First we analyse data from a survey of 2,200 Dutch children, which contains a large set of social exclusion items. We applied nonlinear principal components analysis in order to construct a multidimensional scale. Measured in this way, the prevalence of social exclusion among children is 4.5%. Boys and children living in large families are more likely to experience social exclusion than girls and children with few siblings. The parental level of education and dependency on social security benefits are also important driving factors of childhood social exclusion. Subsequently we investigate the scarring effect. Longitudinal administrative income and household data covering 25 years were combined with a new survey of just under 1,000 Dutch adults, a third of whom were poor as a child. The survey assessed their past and current degree of social exclusion, and their health and psychosocial development, educational career, past family circumstances, etc. In an absolute sense scarring turns out to have been limited during this period: a very large majority of those who were poor or excluded as a child are above the threshold values in adult life. However, the “descendants of hardship” are still more likely to be socially excluded as adults than people who grew up in more favourable conditions. A causal analysis suggests that low educational achievements are the main mediator of scarring risks.

What are the consequences of the divergent uses of digital technology? This chapter examines how different levels and forms of access and use can either overcome or reinforce existing social inequalities. In an age of hyperconnectivity, there is an emerging digital underclass that cannot be fully explained by existing socioeconomic factors. The new forms of inequality created by digital networks are permeating all areas and groups of the population. The inability to engage with digital technology increasingly serves as a disadvantage in people’s work, personal, and social lives. Using two axes of the degree of digital and social exclusion, this chapter outlines how digital exclusion might overcome, maintain, or reinforce social exclusion. An individual’s existing socioeconomic status largely determines their digital capital, which explains why and how digital exclusion is a consequence of social exclusion. However, there are other components of digital capital that enable individuals to overcome social disadvantages.

The Critical Relationship Between Anxiety and Depression.

Social exclusion is a painful experience that is felt as a threat to the human need to belong and can lead to increased aggressive and anti-social behaviours, and results in emotional and cognitive numbness. Excluded individuals also seem to show an automatic tuning to positivity: they tend to increase their selective attention towards social acceptance signals. Despite these effects known in the literature, the consequences of social exclusion on social information processing still need to be explored in depth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of social exclusion on processing two features that are strictly bound in the appraisal of the meaning of facial expressions: gaze direction and emotional expression. In two experiments (N = 60, N = 45), participants were asked to identify gaze direction or emotional expressions from facial stimuli, in which both these features were manipulated. They performed these tasks in a four-block crossed design after being socially included or excluded using the Cyberball game. Participants’ empathy and self-reported emotions were recorded using the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and PANAS questionnaires. The Need Threat Scale and three additional questions were also used as manipulation checks in the second experiment. In both experiments, excluded participants showed to be less accurate than included participants in gaze direction discrimination. Modulatory effects of direct gaze (Experiment 1) and sad expression (Experiment 2) on the effects of social exclusion were found on response times (RTs) in the emotion recognition task. Specific differences in the reaction to social exclusion between males and females were also found in Experiment 2: excluded male participants tended to be less accurate and faster than included male participants, while excluded females showed a more accurate and slower performance than included female participants. No influence of social exclusion on PANAS or EQ scores was found. Results are discussed in the context of the importance of identifying gaze direction in appraisal theories.

Background: Social exclusion in children and adolescents can lead to negative effects such as anxiety, low self-esteem, and academic difficulties. Physical activity and good physical condition could act as protective factors by promoting social integration and emotional well-being. Methods: The aim of this study was to analyse whether participation in physical activity and good physical fitness test protect against social exclusion in adolescents aged 12 to 19. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 876 adolescents, assessing physical activity, physical fitness test (EUROFIT), BMI, and social exclusion (both subtle and manifest) through questionnaires and physical tests. Spearman correlations, ANOVA, and stepwise regression analysis were applied. Results: Adolescents who participated in organised physical activities, such as team sports, opposition, or contact sports, showed lower levels of both manifest and subtle exclusion. Aerobic endurance, age, abdominal strength, and gender were predictors of manifest exclusion, while aerobic endurance, age, and participation in organised physical activities predicted subtle exclusion. Conclusions: Physical condition and participation in physical activity protect against social exclusion. Taking part in competitive team activities involving contact and opposition is associated with lower levels of exclusion. It is essential to promote strategies that enhance inclusion and well-being among young people.

Child social exclusion (CSE) is a complex and multi-dimensional measure of social and material disadvantage in which children lack the opportunities and resources to participate fully in their communities and feel connected. The aim of this article is to provide an update of the risk of child social exclusion at small area level in Australia in 2016 and compare the trends and patterns to 2011. We found that many children are experiencing disadvantage on multiple fronts and are unable to participate fully in their community. Australia’s capital cities paint a contrasting picture having clear clusters of neighbourhoods at risk of high but also low levels of child social exclusion. Areas outside capital cities have much lower proportions of children experiencing the lowest levels of social exclusion. We found that from 2011 to 2016, the geographical patterns of the least and most excluded areas remain largely unchanged over time, with 73 per cent of the small areas in Australia remaining in the same quintile in 2011 and 2016. Of the local communities having the highest risk of child social exclusion in 2011, 87% were still in the most excluded quintile in 2016. Between 2011 and 2016, 279 small areas (14%) improved their CSE quintile, but 268 local communities shifted into a more socially excluded quintile. The key drivers of improvement in child social exclusion were ‘above-average’ improvement in the socio-economic well-being of families in these areas and in their educational attainment, and reduced exposure to increases in housing stress.

Social exclusion and drug abuse are interlinked phenomena with significant societal and individual implications. This abstract explores the causes and consequences of social exclusion about drug abuse. Social exclusion, characterized by limited access to social, economic, and political resources, often leads to feelings of marginalization and isolation. Individuals facing such exclusion may turn to drug use as a coping mechanism to alleviate stress, loneliness, and a lack of belonging. Contributing factors to this cycle include poverty, unemployment, discrimination, and weak social networks. The consequences of drug abuse, in turn, exacerbate social exclusion by impairing mental and physical health, reducing employability, and increasing the likelihood of engaging in criminal activities. This creates a vicious cycle, where drug abuse leads to further social exclusion, perpetuating a detrimental impact on the individual and society. Addressing this issue requires comprehensive interventions that target both the root causes of social exclusion and provide effective support and rehabilitation for those struggling with drug abuse.

Background: A novelty of the research lies in the research sample of Cooperative Bank customers on which we conducted the study. Research objectives: The article primarily aims to analyze the causes and effects of social exclusion opinions of cooperative bank customers from the highly diverse Mazowieckie province. A specific goal involves indicating the relationship between selected causes and effects of social exclusion and a chosen socio-demographic characteristic, namely, the municipality. Research design and methods: Using an interview questionnaire, we conducted the survey in September 2023 on a population of N=185 cooperative bank customers, with gender and age of the Mazowiecki province inhabitants as criteria for selection. We employed the quantitative survey according to a mixed-mode design procedure. The study followed ethical guidelines, and all participants gave informed consent. Results: Findings show that poverty, unemployment, and disability contribute to social exclusion. In turn, according to respondents, social exclusion results in pathological social phenomena that limit development and opportunities to function in society. Conclusions: The study presented the relationship between two causes of social exclusion – income level and place of residence – and the socio-demographic characteristic (municipality). Moreover, it analyzed the relationship between the limitation of development and the ability to function in society as a consequence of social exclusion and the socio-demographic characteristic (municipality). The analysis revealed statistically significant relationships between variables. We discussed the causes and effects of social exclusion indicated by respondents. We also applied descriptive statistics.