Abstract
Unlike the plug-in charging system, which has safety concerns such as electric sparks, wireless power transfer (WPT) is less-time consuming, is environmentally friendly and can be used in a wet environment. The inclusion of hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) in electric vehicles (EVs) has helped to increase their energy density as well as power density. Combined with static wireless power transfer, a WPT–HESS system is proposed in this article. The HESS system includes a battery and supercapacitor (SC) connected to a WPT system through DC–DC converters. To ensure a stable DC bus voltage, an inductor–capacitor–capacitor series (LCC-S) compensation network has been implemented in the WPT system. Utilizing the two-port network theory, the design equations of the LCC-S compensation network are derived in order to realize the maximum efficiency point for the WPT system. To ensure that the WPT system operates at this maximum efficiency point and that the SC is charged to its maximum capacity, an energy management system (EMS) has been devised that generates reference currents for both the SC and battery. An integral terminal sliding mode controller (ITSMC) has been designed to track these reference currents and control the power flow between the energy storage units (ESUs) and WPT system. The stability of the proposed system is validated by Lyapunov theory. The proposed WPT–HESS system is simulated using the MATLAB/Simulink. The robustness of the ITSMC against the widely used proportional–integral–derivative (PID) and sliding mode controller (SMC) is verified under abrupt changes in the associated ESU resistance and reference load current. Finally, the simulations of the WPT–HESS system are validated by controller hardware-in-loop (C-HIL) experiments.
Highlights
Wireless power transfer (WPT) charging technology is superior to plug-in charging systems as it can be used in wet environments and is safe from electric shock [1]
The references for Ibat and Isc were generated for different Vsci levels from energy management system (EMS), and the integral terminal sliding mode controller (ITSMC) was used to track these currents to their required references; i.e., Iscre f and Ibatre f
energy storage units (ESUs) were connected with the WPT system using DC–DC converters which were controlled by the ITSMC to adjust the power flow between the ESUs and WPT system
Summary
Wireless power transfer (WPT) charging technology is superior to plug-in charging systems as it can be used in wet environments and is safe from electric shock [1]. The recent advancements in power electronics technology have led enterprises such as Qualcomm, Evatran and Witricity to commercialize WPT technology into many products used in daily life that can be charged wirelessly with high efficiency These products have many industrial [2] as well as daily life applications, such as the wireless charging of smartphones [3], EVs [4,5] and many biomedical implants [6,7]. A static WPT combined with an HESS can ease the charging process in many types of commercially used EVs such as modern trams, electric scooters, automatic guided vehicles (AGVs) and light rail vehicles (LRVs). Implementing the WPT charging system along with HESS in electric scooters has solved the safety concerns and improved the charging process and propulsion rate [8].
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