Abstract
Philosophers have recognized for some time that counterfactual conditionals like (1) If Sam had come to Eve’s party, he would have enjoyed himself present problems. Of these, two are the most important. First A counterfactual conditional cannot be translated in the usual way by means of the horseshoe of material implication. What, then, is its logical form? Second. A counterfactual seems to describe not a fact but an unreality. Thus, in (1) a situation, namely, Sam’s coming to the party, which, it is admitted, has not happened to Sam, that is, is unreal, is further determined by another unreality, namely Sam’s enjoying himself present problems.
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