Abstract
Genitourinary Sndrome of Menopause (GSM) stands for the variety of menopausal symptoms associated with physical changes of the vulva, vagina, and lower urinary tract, related with estrogen deficiency and process of ageing as well. GSM is chronic and is likely to worsen over time, affecting up to 50% of postmenopausal women. Local vaginal estrogen administration is the treatment of choice for vulvovaginal atrophy, although lacking long time efficacy and safety. However, many women do not accept local hormonal therapy or have absolute contraindications, such as a personal history of estrogen-dependent tumors, particularly endometrial and breast cancer.
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