Abstract
Although divalent Sm in CaF2 was the first rare earth (RE) system to exhibit laser action, trivalent RE compounds have dominated solid-state laser development up to the present. Divalent RE ions are of interest because the d levels are generally much lower in energy than in RE3+ ions. As a result, the broad 4f - 5d absorption bands are often centered in the visible region. The dipole allowed 5d - 4f transitions are expected to possess high emission crosssections and broadly tunable emission Unfortunately, except for Sm2+:CaF2, laser emission in RE2+ crystals is often due to f-f transitions characterized by long lifetimes and low cross-sections.
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