Laryngeal spaces in the newborn larynx

Abstract

ObjectivesDistributions of laryngeal spaces are important in understanding their functional significance. However, laryngeal spaces in the newborn larynx are enigmatic. MethodsFive normal human newborn larynges were investigated using whole organ serial section technique. ResultsThe chief newborn laryngeal spaces were the preepiglottic space, the paraglottic space and the cricoid area. They consisted of an areolar tissue area composed of brown adipose tissue (immature adipose tissue) and loose elastic and collagen fibers. The newborn preepiglottic space was immature and occupied a small area anterior to the epiglottis. The epiglottis lied on a somewhat horizontal axis and was partially obscured behind the hyoid bone. The hyoid bone overlapped the thyroid cartilage, partially obscuring the superior thyroid notch. The thyroid cartilage was present close to the hyoid bone and the thyrohyoid membrane ran between the superior surface of the thyroid lamina, and not the anteroinferior, but the posteroinferior surface of the hyoid bone. The preepiglottic space was located anterior, lateral and posterolateral to the thyroepiglottic ligament. However, the preepiglottic space was located anterior to the epiglottic cartilage. As seen in adults, the paraglottic space existed medial to the lamina of each bilateral thyroid cartilage. Each bilateral cricoid area was located along not only the superomedial but also the medial portion of the cricoid arch on both sides. ConclusionsAs the child grows, the preepiglottic space, occupying a small area anterior to the epiglottis, likely grows as the larynx descends and acquires the human adult vocal tract. From the functional histoanatomical point of view, the newborn laryngeal spaces appear to be favored for respiration and maintenance of a protective sphincter for the lower airway over phonation.