Abstract
The football game is the most popular, played, and loved sport around the world. The advent of technological breakthroughs and the continuous increase in consumer demand have led to a revolution in football’s design and manufacturing process. In the past, studies in soccer ball aerodynamics mainly were limited to the investigation of lift and drag forces inside a wind tunnel apparatus. A few researchers have analyzed the flow around the different soccer balls using computational fluid dynamics simulations with the Reynolds-Averaged-Navier–Stokes equations model. This study primarily intends to simulate a modern soccer ball (Adidas Telstar 18) using the Large Eddy Simulations technique. The whole research is divided into two phases. In the first phase, the flow around a smooth sphere is simulated numerically to validate the meshing strategy, boundary conditions, and solution methodology. The same modeling approach is used in the later stage to simulate the flow around a soccer ball. The effect of panels and seam on the boundary layer flow separation and overall turbulent flow structure around the soccer ball are visualized. The results indicate that the large-eddy simulations help predict the flow intricacies by resolving small eddies near the panels.
Highlights
® implementing the experimental data in a Matlab routine
Asai and Seo [12] performed a steady-state analysis of the four different soccer balls with varied panels, i.e., Adidas Tango 12, Adidas Roteiro, Adidas Teamgeist II, and Adidas Jabulani, each manufactured with 32, 32, 14, and 8 panels, respectively. e parameters recorded during these experiments include drag coefficient and critical Reynolds numbers. e drag coefficient’s impact on the flight range and trajectories was analyzed with the help of a simple 2D flight trajectory simulation
E study involved the investigation of aerodynamics attributes of 6-soccer balls, each having a variable surface structure. e results revealed that the drag coefficients and nature of fluid flow on the surface of soccer balls drew significant bearing from their surface structure
Summary
E soccer ball is primarily played in the wind speed range of 7 m/s to 35 m/s. It corresponds to the speed range of 16 mph to 78 mph and a Reynolds number range of 105 < Re < 5 × 105 [36]. The numerical simulations are performed at Reynold number of 5 × 105 (35 m/s). (b) Zoom-up view of sphere-surface prism layer grids. (c) Mesh on the soccer ball surface Figure 2: .(a) Mesh around sphere. (b) Zoom-up view of sphere-surface prism layer grids. (c) Mesh on the soccer ball surface
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