Language barriers and kidney transplantation in children.

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Understanding disparities in pediatric kidney transplants is important to provide equitable care. We compared transplant outcomes between English-speaking (ES) and interpreter-needing (IN) pediatric kidney transplant recipients. Through retrospective review, primary kidney transplant recipients, 0-21years transplanted between 2005 and 2019, were divided into ES and IN cohorts. Continuous and categorical variables were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum, Welch two-sample t-test, and chi-squared analyses. Patient survival, graft survival, and rejection-free survival were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox regression. Days hospitalized were evaluated using negative binomial regression. Our sample included 211 ES and 37 IN transplant recipients. Compared withthe ES, the IN cohort was older at transplant (14.56 vs. 11.03years; p < 0.01), had more time between kidney failure and transplant (0.9 vs. 0.3years; p < 0.01), and more often received deceased over living donor transplants (78.4% vs. 30.4%; p < 0.01). Multivariate Cox proportional-hazard models evaluating adjusted 5-year patient survival demonstrated decreased 5-year post-transplant survival in theIN cohort (aHR = 10.10, 95% CI: 1.5, 66.8; p = 0.02). We did not identify differences in 5-year death-censored graft survival (aHR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.14, 2.4; p = 0.4) nor rejection-free survival (aHR = 0.8; 95% CI: 0.4, 1.5; p = 0.5). We found significantly fewer hospitalization events in the IN cohort during the first year post-transplant (aRR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.4, 0.9; p = 0.01) but no difference 5-year post-transplant. TheIN cohort had more missed outpatient appointments (10.4% vs. 2.8%; p = 0.03) and undetectable serum immunosuppressant levels (mean: 3.8% vs. 1.3%; p = 0.02) 5years post-transplant. Pediatric kidney transplant recipients requiring interpreter services for healthcare delivery demonstrate fewer post-transplant interactions with their healthcare team (fewer hospitalizations and more no-show visits) and lower 5-year patient survival compared with recipients not requiring interpreters. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.