Abstract
Abstract The fact of less land and a large population in China leads to a basic condition of “small peasants and huge country” based on which China has been pursuing modernization and an agrarian transition. Land has consistently been the most essential, sensitive, and controversial issue. Since 1949, China has undergone a long-term transition in its land institutions. Although since 1978, peasants have enjoyed land contract rights as a result of the household responsibility system, the state has been promoting the transfer of land-use rights in order to promote modern agriculture. Particularly since 2013, China has been implementing what is known as “the split or the division of three rights” on rural land. The state has responded strategically to various challenges to ensure that land institutions and policies are always geared to achieving agricultural modernization. China’s pursuit of agricultural modernization impacts peasants’ livelihood, which needs to be protected.
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