Abstract
Pre-modern Central Asia was comprised of three principalities: 1. the Emirate of Bukhara, and Khanates of 2. Khiva and 3. Khokand. These principalities were caught in the web of socio-economic and political crises. To cope with these crises and to solve the problem of the expenditure of huge administrative costs, the Khans and Amirs distributed some portions of land from the state lands (amlok) as grants among their heirs, both civil and military officials. This paper concludes that instead of solving the problems, the distribution of land grant adversely affected the normative political order. The grantees, as landlords, began exercising enormous political and economic powers. These actions created immense exploitation of the subaltern tenants. The landlords siphoned off the tenants’ surplus and consequently subjected them to the most appalling conditions with their housing, food, and clothing.
Highlights
In the outset it needs to be stated that to understand the impact and trends of advancement in a society, one needs to understand the entire dynamics of that society in respect to the means and forces of production of the society
If the mode of production is based on surplus extraction relations, it tends to impose very adverse impact on the growth and development of the societies
The surplus extraction relations have been developed in many regions of the world: Europe, Japan, China, India, Russia, Spain, Turkey, Iran, Egypt, Italy, etc
Summary
In the outset it needs to be stated that to understand the impact and trends of advancement in a society, one needs to understand the entire dynamics of that society in respect to the means and forces of production of the society. The whole set of socio-economic and political relations revolved round lord-tenant ties within the medium of land tenures.
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