Abstract
Background: Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices help detect glycemic excursions associated with exercise, meals, and insulin dosing in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the delay between interstitial and blood glucose may result in CGM underestimating the true change in glycemia during activity. The purpose of this study was to examine CGM discrepancies during exercise and the meal postexercise versus self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG).Methods: Seventeen adults with T1D using insulin pump therapy and CGM completed 60 min of aerobic exercise on three occasions. A standardized meal was given 30 min postexercise. SMBG was measured during exercise and in recovery using OmniPod® Personal Diabetes Manager (PDM; Insulet, Billerica, MA) with built-in glucose meter (FreeStyle; Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL), while CGM was measured with Dexcom G4® with 505 algorithm (n = 4) or G5® (n = 13), which were calibrated with subjects' own PDM.Results: SMBG showed a large drop in glycemia during exercise, while CGM showed a lag of 12 ± 11 (mean ± standard deviation) minutes and bias of −7 ± 19 mg/dL/min during activity. Mean absolute relative difference (MARD) for CGM versus SMBG was 13 (6–22)% [median (interquartile range)] during exercise and 8 (5–14)% during mealtime. Clarke error grids showed CGM values were in zones A and B 94%–99% of the time for SMBG.Conclusion: In summary, the drop in CGM lags behind the drop in blood glucose during prolonged aerobic exercise by 12 ± 11 min, and MARD increases to 13 (6–22)% during exercise as well. Therefore, if hypoglycemia is suspected during exercise, individuals should confirm glucose levels with a capillary glucose measurement.
Highlights
Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices have been shown to detect greater glucose variability, rate of change (ROC) in glucose concentration, and incidence of hypoglycemia compared with self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) using a traditional glucose meter and capillary blood sampling.[1,2] Since CGM systems can provide insight into glucose patterns and overall diabetes management, these devices have recently been included in the clinical guidelines and standards of care for patients living with diabetes, if they are dosing insulin.[3,4]a Dessi P
Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices help detect glycemic excursions associated with exercise, meals, and insulin dosing in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D)
SMBG was measured during exercise and in recovery using OmniPodÒ Personal Diabetes Manager (PDM; Insulet, Billerica, MA) with builtin glucose meter (FreeStyle; Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL), while CGM was measured with Dexcom G4Ò with 505 algorithm (n = 4) or G5Ò (n = 13), which were calibrated with subjects’ own PDM
Summary
Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices have been shown to detect greater glucose variability, rate of change (ROC) in glucose concentration, and incidence of hypoglycemia compared with self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) using a traditional glucose meter and capillary blood sampling.[1,2] Since CGM systems can provide insight into glucose patterns and overall diabetes management, these devices have recently been included in the clinical guidelines and standards of care for patients living with diabetes, if they are dosing insulin.[3,4]a Dessi P. One common measure of CGM accuracy is mean absolute relative difference (MARD), which is the mean difference, expressed in absolute terms, between the reference (often SMBG) and interstitial glucose divided by the reference. Successive generations of devices have improved sensor accuracy when comparing with laboratory standards (e.g., Yellow Springs Instruments [YSI] glucose analyzer), thereby leading to nonadjunctive status, so that insulin dosing and decision-making around hypoglycemia treatment can be made using some of these devices.[3,5,6] With newer CGM technology, whether MARD remains stable throughout dynamic changes in glucose (often associated with exercise and meal ingestion) is up for debate.[7]. Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices help detect glycemic excursions associated with exercise, meals, and insulin dosing in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). If hypoglycemia is suspected during exercise, individuals should confirm glucose levels with a capillary glucose measurement
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