Lactoferrin and Immunoglobulin Concentrations in Milk of Gestational Diabetic Mothers.

Jolanta Lis-Kuberka,Magdalena Orczyk-Pawiłowicz,Marta Berghausen-Mazur

doi:10.3390/nu13030818

Jolanta Lis-Kuberka, Magdalena Orczyk-Pawiłowicz + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030818

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Journal: Nutrients	Publication Date: Mar 2, 2021
Citations: 9	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: Wroclaw Medical University

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with an increased risk of having a high-care newborn and has an impact on maternal wellbeing. This study aimed to assess the effect of GDM on the lactoferrin (LF), secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentrations in early colostrum, colostrum, and transitional milk samples of hyperglycemic (n = 53) and normoglycemic (n = 49) mothers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The concentrations of milk lactoferrin and SIgA, but not IgG and IgM, from hyperglycemic and normoglycemic mothers, showed a similar negative correlation with lactation from the first to the fifteenth day. Apart from early colostral IgG, there were no differences in concentrations of LF and immunoglobulins in milk from hyperglycemic and normoglycemic mothers. For hyperglycemia compensated by diet (GDM G1) or insulin treatment (GDM G2), slight differences were seen for LF and IgG, but not for SIgA and IgM, during an early stage of lactation only. Early colostral IgG and colostral LF of insulin-treated mothers were higher (10.01 ± 4.48 mg/L and 11.50 ± 0.58 g/L, respectively) than for diet-control diabetic mothers (7.65 ± 5.67 mg/L and 8.05 ± 1.38 g/L, respectively). GDM of mothers does not have a significant impact on immunological quality of early milk.

Highlights

Diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder complicating pregnancy, and its prevalence in Europe is estimated at ~6% with a dynamic upward trend [1]
The high blood glucose level coupled with activation of adipocytes and macrophages in fat as well as inflammatory cytokine production generates a low-grade chronic inflammatory response, which disrupts the cellular function of blood B cells and enhances their apoptosis [8,9,85,86] resulting in higher IgA and lower immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels in serum of type 2 diabetic patients [12]
Taking into account the severity of gestational diabetes, namely the possibility of effective glycemic control by diet (GDM G1) or insulin treatment (GDM G2), we found that LF and IgG, but not secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA)

Summary

Introduction

Diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder complicating pregnancy, and its prevalence in Europe is estimated at ~6% with a dynamic upward trend [1]. The rate and course of infections in mothers with gestational diabetes are higher than in healthy pregnant women, and are reflected in concentrations of immunological parameters [12]. Pregnancy complicated by GDM is associated with an increased risk of having a high-care child, but it has a significant impact on maternal wellbeing [6,13,14]. The major morbidities and mortality amongst infants of diabetic mothers include neonatal macrosomia [20,21], congenital malformations [22,23], shoulder dystocia, higher body fat, hyperbilirubinemia, respiratory and cardiac disorders [24], hypoglycemia [25], and overweight or obesity in childhood [26,27,28,29,30]

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