Abstract
Lactococcosis, particularly that caused by Lactococcus garvieae, is a major re-emerging bacterial disease seriously affecting the sustainability of aquaculture industry. Medicinal herbs and plants do not have very much in vitro antagonism and in vivo disease resistance towards lactococcosis agents in aquaculture. Most in vitro studies with herbal extractives were performed against L. garvieae with no strong antibacterial activity, but essential oils, especially those that contain thymol or carvacrol, are more effective. The differences exhibited by the bacteriostatic and bactericidal functions for a specific extractive in different studies could be due to different bacterial strains or parts of chemotypes of the same plant. Despite essential oils being shown to have the best anti-L. garvieae activity in in vitro assays, the in vivo bioassays required further study. The extracts tested under in vivo conditions presented moderate efficacy, causing a decrease in mortality in infected animals, probably because they improved immune parameters before challenging tests. This review addressed the efficacy of medicinal herbs to lactococcosis and discussed the presented gaps.
Highlights
The aquaculture industry has seen a rapid acceleration in its development; as the most rapidly growing global agricultural sector, the aquaculture sector is responsible for producing more than 50% of global seafood, with an average growth of 5.3% per year in the period 2001–2018 [1]
This review addresses and discusses the efficacy of medicinal herbs and plants as means of prevention or for the protection of susceptible aquaculture species against diseases caused by L. garvieae and other Lacococcus species reported as the causative agents of lactococcosis in aquaculture
In the study by a microdilution assay on 12 strains of L. garvieae isolated from diseased rainbow trout exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 160 to 320 μL/mL by essential oils of either Eucalyptus camaldulensis or Mentha pulegium 60 min post incubation at 25◦ C, while no effect was found for Aloe vera essence, suggesting a potential use of E. camaldulensis and M. pulegium essences against lactococcosis caused by L. garvieae in farmed fish [103]
Summary
The aquaculture industry has seen a rapid acceleration in its development; as the most rapidly growing global agricultural sector, the aquaculture sector is responsible for producing more than 50% of global seafood, with an average growth of 5.3% per year in the period 2001–2018 [1]. Attention has been paid to other species of L. garvieae, L. raffinolactis, L. plantarum, and L. piscium as potential pathogens of aquaculture species [18,19,20,21]. Among the species of Lactococcus genus, L. garvieae has been highlighted as one of the most serious global bacterial pathogens in the aquaculture sector, both in freshwater and marine fish, especially at water temperatures of >15 ◦ C, but L. lactis and L. piscium seem to be limited to some highly valuable aquaculture species, such as salmonids and sturgeons, at various water temperatures [11,22,23]. This review addresses and discusses the efficacy of medicinal herbs and plants as means of prevention or for the protection of susceptible aquaculture species against diseases caused by L. garvieae and other Lacococcus species reported as the causative agents of lactococcosis in aquaculture
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