Abstract
A limited number of studies have investigated the potential of probiotics to promote wound healing in the digestive tract. The aim of the current investigation was to determine whether probiotic bacteria or their extracts could be beneficial in cutaneous wound healing. A keratinocyte monolayer scratch assay was used to assess re-epithelialization; which comprises keratinocyte proliferation and migration. Primary human keratinocyte monolayers were scratched then exposed to lysates of Lactobacillus (L) rhamnosus GG, L. reuteri, L. plantarum or L. fermentum. Re-epithelialization of treated monolayers was compared to that of untreated controls. Lysates of L. rhamnosus GG and L. reuteri significantly increased the rate of re-epithelialization, with L. rhamnosus GG being the most efficacious. L. reuteri increased keratinocyte proliferation while L. rhamnosus GG lysate significantly increased proliferation and migration. Microarray analysis of L. rhamnosus GG treated scratches showed increased expression of multiple genes including the chemokine CXCL2 and its receptor CXCR2. These are involved in normal wound healing where they stimulate keratinocyte proliferation and/or migration. Increased protein expression of both CXCL2 and CXCR2 were confirmed by ELISA and immunoblotting. These data demonstrate that L. rhamnosus GG lysate accelerates re-epithelialization of keratinocyte scratch assays, potentially via chemokine receptor pairs that induce keratinocyte migration.
Highlights
The potential beneficial effects of the oral consumption of probiotic bacteria on intestinal health have been extensively investigated
Re-epithelialization in keratinocyte monolayers treated with L. rhamnosus GG lysate was significantly accelerated compared to that of untreated monolayers
Since the L. rhamnosus GG lysate up-regulated the gene expression of CXCL2, and its corresponding receptor, we investigated whether the proteins corresponding to these genes were increased by the lysate
Summary
The potential beneficial effects of the oral consumption of probiotic bacteria on intestinal health have been extensively investigated. Probiotics are usually members of the genera Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium and may exert a positive benefit on the gut using through a variety of mechanisms, including inhibition of the growth of pathogenic bacteria[1], epithelial repair, enhancement of the gut barrier[2] and modulation of the immune response[3] Due to their potential for maintaining gut health and combating disease, various species of lactobacilli have been tested in tissues other than the gut, for example the vagina and the oral cavity[4,5] and there is a growing body of evidence that probiotic bacteria may be of benefit in these tissues. To this end the scratch assay a well-established wound model[21], was used to assess the effect of Lactobacillus lysates on re-epithelialization of human primary keratinocytes, the main cell type present within the epidermal layer of skin
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