Lack of social capital and its impact on urban development, City of Erbil (from 2003 onwards)

Abstract

Abstract the study of various factors and variables affecting the development process and especially urban development has become inevitable. One of the most important and influential variables that is closely related to development and underdevelopment is social capital. paying attention to social capital and its impact on sustainable urban and economic development, both at the macro level (country) and at the micro level (cities) is of particular importance. The main purpose of this article is to study and explore the impact of social capital on urban development in the city of Erbil, the capital of the Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government. The main question in this article is: What is the relationship between social capital and urban development in Erbil? The hypothesis that arises in response to the main question: The weakness of social capital indicators (trust, cohesion, participation and social awareness of citizens) in the Iraqi Kurdistan region has led to the instability of urban development in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. This research uses a survey method to test other sub-hypotheses.