Abstract
Wave-ice interactions involve complex physical processes. Well-designed laboratory investigations are indispensable for studying these processes. In the present study, laboratory experimental data on saline ice obtained during the HYDRALAB+ project: Loads on Structure and Waves in Ice (LS-WICE) are analyzed. Here, we devise a cross-validation method that reduces the uncertainty in estimating the wavelength of surface gravity waves from wave elevation measurements made by closely located and equidistant sensors. Both experimental and numerical case studies show that the new method produces accurate results (normalized error smaller than 5%). Furthermore, experimental case studies show that the elasticity of ice lengthens the waves within the ice cover compared with the open-water wavelength, and predictions of the wavelength from the elastic-plate model are concordant with the experimental values for waves beneath intact ice sheets. In addition, we apply multivariate analysis methods to identify flexural modes of ice floes under wave actions. The analysis results suggest that multiple flexural modes exist in the motion. The results produced by using the Morlet wavelet and Prony's method confirm the presence of second-order harmonics in the motion. Part of the nonlinearity likely originates from ice-ice interactions in addition to some contributions from nonlinearity in the waves.
Highlights
Wave-ice interactions have gained much attention in recent decades
Experimental case studies show that the elasticity of ice lengthens the waves within the ice cover compared with the open-water wavelength, and predictions of the wavelength from the elastic-plate model are concordant with the experimental values for waves beneath intact ice sheets
One method pair is composed of the ge netic algorithm (Kutz, 2013) and Prony’s method (Hu et al (2013); this method pair is abbreviated as genetic algorithm and Prony’s method (GPR)), and the other method pair consists of intersite phase clustering (ISPC, Cohen (2015)) and cross-spectrum analysis (Rabault et al (2019); this method pair is denoted by intersite phase clustering and cross-spectrum analysis (ICS))
Summary
Wave-ice interactions have gained much attention in recent decades. This increased interest is attributed to the increase in commercial ac tivities in the Arctic (Melia et al, 2016) and ongoing climate change in the Arctic (Stopa et al, 2016; Li et al, 2019b) and Antarctic (Alberello et al, 2019b; Vichi et al, 2019). The experimental case studies presented in this paper illustrate the effect of the elasticity of ice on modifying the wavelength of waves when ice cover is present and the performance of the elastic-plate model (Wadhams, 1981, 1986) to describe the dispersion relation of waves that pass under intact ice sheets Another focus of this paper is the bending motion of ice floes under wave actions. Multivariate data analysis methods such as proper orthogonal decomposition (POD, Feeny and Kappagantu (1998); Gedikli and Dahl (2017)) and smooth orthogonal decomposition (SOD, Chelidze and Zhou (2006); Gedikli et al (2020)) are applied to identify the flexural modes of ice floes We apply these methods to analyze an extended experimental dataset compared to the one investigated by Li et al (2019a).
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