Laboratory-based surveillance of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease in Japan

Abstract

BackgroundIntractable pulmonary diseases with non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM-PDs) and antimicrobial resistance have become increasingly concerning worldwide. Nevertheless, a surveillance system for NTM has not been established in most countries, thus requiring repeated, intermittent, and time-consuming cross-sectional nationwide surveys.MethodsTo establish a nationwide surveillance system for NTM-associated diseases, we aimed to develop a prototype computer system primarily designed to continuously estimate NTM-PD incidence using a bacteriological case-defining algorithm through an automatic process of integrating bacteriological data collected from microbiology laboratories across Japan. To validate the accuracy of our study results, we compared the distribution of pulmonary TB cases between our laboratory data and the national surveillance data, which is representative of the Japanese population.ResultsOur estimates implied a 17.7% increase in NTM-PD incidence from 15.8 [14.9–16.8] in 2013 to 19.2 [18.2–20.4] in 2017, per 100 000 population. Moreover, 93.0% of the identified NTM-PD cases were dominated by theMycobacterium avium-intracellularecomplex, and the proportion ofM. abscessusspecies exceeded that ofM. kansasiifor the first time in Japan. We also revealed significant age and sex differences in NTM-PDs. Notably, we found similar characteristics between our laboratory data and national surveillance data covering almost the entire Japanese population.ConclusionThese findings, despite being laboratory-based, are extrapolatable to the general population in Japan and provide evidence that supports our system as a viable alternative to the nationwide NTM surveillance system.