Abstract
The current study provides novel results on the synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) of gold and palladium (Au–Pd) with an eco-friendly and non-toxic aqueous leaf extract of plant Citrus limon. The BNPs were characterized and toxicity bioassay was examined on the larvae of the pathogen vectors such as Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The predation efficiency test was evaluated on the invertebrate non-target organisms such as natural predatory nymphs of dragonfly and damselfly. The results of material characterization using UV VIS spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis of Au–Pd BNPs with the appearance of the SPR bands. FT-IR spectroscopy indicates the presence of functional groups containing high amounts of nitro compounds and amines on the surface of BNPs. TEM result shows the presence of spherical polydisperse Au–Pd BNPs in the sample. The XRD pattern displayed the semi-crystalline nature and the changes in the hydrodynamic size and surface potential was determined for the sample at 0 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h of synthesis through DLS and ZP analysis. Au–Pd BNPs Bioassay provided the effective lethal concentrations (LC50) against the I–IV instar larvae of An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h of exposure. The LC50 obtained from the larvicidal bioassay was used to test its effect on the predation efficiency of the selected nymphs which showed increased predation from 40 to 48 h of exposure as compared to the negative control. Hereby, we conclude that Au–Pd BNPs bioassay shows toxic mosquito larvicidal activity at the selected concentration with no lethal effect on the predation efficiency of the selected stage of the predatory non-target aquatic invertebrate insects.
Highlights
These, the biological molecules like limonene, sabinene, citronellal, linalool, neral, geranial, ocimene, citronellol, and caryophyllene can be purified and concentrated to be utilized in therapeutic, anti-microbial, insectrepellent, and natural pesticidal formulations[8]
The results of the present study reveal the physicochemical properties of the synthesized Au–Pd bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs)
The laboratory results for the efficacy of Au–Pd BNPs bioassay on the selected mosquito larvae provide an effective working lethal concentration ( LC50) for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h of exposure for each larval instar (I–IV)
Summary
These, the biological molecules like limonene, sabinene, citronellal, linalool, neral, geranial, ocimene, citronellol, and caryophyllene can be purified and concentrated to be utilized in therapeutic, anti-microbial, insectrepellent, and natural pesticidal formulations[8]. The biosynthesized monometallic nanoparticles with non-toxic surface functional molecules still possess different levels of toxicity based on the interaction of the type of metal nanoparticles with the organisms. The studies on toxicity evaluation of the noble nano-metals of silver, gold, and palladium, has shown that the silver nanoparticles are highly toxic due to their gradual oxidation and realize of highly reactive Ag + ions. We have utilized the non-toxic bioactive components of the aqueous leaf extract of Citrus limon as natural reducing and capping agents for the synthesis of Au–Pd BNPs. The bioassay was performed to evaluate the toxic bioassay of the synthesized Au–Pd BNPs against the invertebrate organisms such as mosquito larvae (Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti) which serves as disease vectors for many parasitic and viral pathogens. The lethal concentration (LC50) obtained from the mosquito larvicidal bioassay was used to test the predation efficiency of the non-target invertebrate organisms (nymphs of dragonfly and damselfly) which serves as a natural predator on mosquito larvae, as an attempt to eco-toxic evaluation against invertebrate organisms
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