Abstract
We show that negative dielectrophoresis (DEP) spectroscopy is an effective transduction mechanism of a biosensor for the diagnosis and prognosis of pancreatic cancer using the biomarker CA 19-9. A substantial change in the negative DEP force applied to functionalized polystyrene microspheres (PM) was observed with respect to both the concentration level of the pancreatic cancer biomarker CA 19-9 and the frequency of the electric field produced by a pearl shaped interdigitated gold micro-electrode. The velocity of repulsion of a set of PM functionalized to a monoclonal antibody to CA 19-9 was calculated for several concentration cutoff levels of CA 19-9, including 0 U/mL and 37 U/mL, at the frequency range from 0.5 to 2 MHz. The velocity of repulsion of the PM from the electrode was determined using a side illumination and an automated software using a real-time image processing technique that captures the Mie scattering from the PM. Since negative DEP spectroscopy is an effective transduction mechanism for the detection of the cutoff levels of CA 19-9, it has the potential to be used in the early stage diagnosis and in the prognosis of pancreatic cancer.
Highlights
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most fatal forms of cancer malignancies in humans
Since the measurement using negative DEP spectroscopy is based on the drift velocity of the particles due to DEP as a function of the frequency of the external electric field, this measurement does not depend on the light intensity, the number of polystyrene microspheres (PM), and the sensitivity of the camera, as long as the experimental setup enables the calculation of the center of mass of the PM
We demonstrated that DEP spectroscopy is an effective label-free transduction mechanism for the detection of the cut off levels of the pancreatic cancer biomarker CA 19-9 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer
Summary
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most fatal forms of cancer malignancies in humans. Surgical procedure remains the only remedial action for this distressing ailment [1]. The average five-year survival rate is 6% with less than one year of average survival time for the patients in the metastasis condition [1,2]. It is vital to diagnose this condition at its early stage. The fluctuations of the levels of biochemical molecular biomarkers can be nucleic acids, peptides, carbohydrates, or proteins [3]. Carbohydrate antigen CA 19-9 is a pancreatic cancer biomarker [4] that received the approval by the
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