La globalización capitalista entendida como un juego caótico. Reflexión sobre la incertidumbre social

Historical and theoretical introduction to rent, resources and technologies.- Introduction.- Historical and empirical stylized facts.- Classical dynamics, scarcity, and surplus rent.- General static scarcity and marginal rent.- Dynamic and static scarcity, surplus and marginal rent: comparisons and developments.- Specific natural scarcities.- Growth without natural scarcities.- Complex development and relative scarcities.- Relative and absolute scarcities.- Scarce resources and structural rent in static conditions.- Resources, complex and dynamic scarcities, technological rent.- Conclusions and further lines of analysis.- Production and distribution: data, hypothesis and problems.- Introduction.- Basic products and primary commodities (PCC1).- Non-produced means of production (NPMP) and the processes directly using them.- Commodities and processes not directly using NPMP.- Technical coefficients and shares of necessary consumption.- Production techniques.- The viability of the techniques.- Scale constraints of the techniques and technological scarcity.- Production technologies.- Dimension of the economic system.- Some problems: new interdependence between production and distribution.- The order of efficiency (OE).- The levels of activity of the economic system.- The technology of the economic system.- The technology of the economic system.- The order of rentability.- Induced changes in the distribution of income.- Autonomous changes in the distribution of income.- Static analysis and dynamic analysis.- Conclusions.- Order of efficiency.- Introduction.- The general system price-distribution.- The sub-system prices-wage-profit.- The rent sub-system and types of rent.- The central role of NPMP.- Static price-distribution order of efficiency.- The order of efficiency with zero wage and maximum rate of profit.- The order of efficiency with zero profit maximum unit wage.- The order of efficiency with unit wage and rate of profit different fromzero.- The order of physical efficiency.- Comparison among orders of efficiency.- Production with global technologies in static settings.- Introduction.- The physical system with one technique.- Global technologies and splitting coefficients.- The physical system with two techniques.- The physical economic system with k techniques.- Technology and the aggregate economic system.- Technology and the disaggregate economic system.- Changes in efficiency, in activity and efficiency proxies: some premises.- Changes in efficiency and price efficiency.- Growth of the production activity.- Conclusions and further lines of analysis.- Rent, distribution, prices.- Introduction.- The solving sub-system pwA and the general system price-distribution.- Total distributive variables and value of the net product.- The order of rentability and its induced changes.- A simple case with one primary commodity and one final commodity.- Induced changes of wages and profits.- Autonomous changes in distribution: general propositions.- Autonomous changes with a stable solving sub-system and the effects on rents.- Autonomous changes with a stable solving sub-system and discontinous rent.- Autonomous changes with variable rents.- Autonomous changes in the solving sub-system with permanent rent.- Reduction in the technology dimension and effects on the distributive variables.- Conclusions.- Non-equiproportional dynamics with compound technologies: productions.- Introduction.- Towards dynamic systems: accumulation and residuals.- Introduction to compound technologies.- Equiproportional maximum growth with only one sub-system.- Non-equproportional growth with two techniques: compound technology and residuals.- The residuals and their possible utilization.- The total variables of the compound technology.- The rates of growth of productions.- The rates of growth of net products.- Comparisons between growth rates of productions and net products.- The rates of net

The emergence and eventual prevalence of the household responsibility system, which replaces the production team system as the unit of production and income distribution, has brought about dramatic changes in China's rural areas since 1979. This institutional change has resulted in remarkable growth in agricultural productivity.' However, in the literature on collective farms, a theory that is capable of explaining the causes and effects of this change is yet to be developed. The formal theory about collective economies developed so far by Ward, Domar, Sen, Oi and Clayton, Bradley, Maurice and Ferguson, Cameron, Bonin, Chinn, Israelsen, Putterman, and others suggests that the allocation of resources in a collective farm is efficient at least in

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In this article we consider a discrete-time dynamical system consisting of a set a controllable objects (region and forming it municipalities). The dynamics each of these is described by the corresponding linear or nonlinear discrete-time recurrent vector relations and its control system consist from two levels: basic level (control level I) that is dominating level and auxiliary level (control level II) that is subordinate level. Both levels have different criterions of functioning and united by information and control connections which defined in advance. In this article we study the problem of optimization of guaranteed result for program control by the final state of regional social and economic system in the presence of risks vectors. For this problem we propose a mathematical model in the form of two-level hierarchical minimax program control problem of the final states of this system with incomplete information and the general scheme for its solving.

Mass customization depends on a company’s ability to provide customized products or services based on economical and flexible development and production systems. Product family design provides a way to achieve cost-effective mass customization by allowing highly differentiated products to be developed from a common platform while targeting products to distinct market segments. In dynamic and uncertain market environments, however, we only have incomplete or uncertain information regarding market trends, customer’s preferences, production costs, and the company’s strategies for product development. The objective of this paper is to propose a methodology for strategic platform design in a product family using concepts from game theory to model the situations of uncertain market environments. We identify module-based platform design for a product family and consider a module selection problem as a strategic game with incomplete information. In particular, a Bayesian game is employed to model uncertainty situations regarding market environments. The proposed Bayesian game is used to decide strategic equilibrium solutions for selecting modules in the product family being designed. To demonstrate implementation of the proposed Bayesian game, we use a case study involving a family of power tools.

We analyse the role of uncertainty in a sequential game where players have to decide whether to contribute to a public project or not. A player's payoff may depend on his belief about the other player's action which allows us to model social pressure. Using the theory of psychological games, we show that the players' propensity to choose an individually costly action such as cooper- ation in a public project may increase if there is some uncertainty about who has cooperated before. A central agency, e.g. the government, can induce in- complete information by using a randomization policy, thus crowding in private contributions.

Milk production in India has risen by a historic 6.25% in 2014-15, reaching 146 million tonne. This increase is indeed a boon if it can be sustained as there is an urgent need to increase the growth rate in milk production, to meet the growing domestic market for milk and milk products and ensure that India remains self-sufficient in milk. However, this high incremental growth rate was limited to only three states while the largest milk producing state Uttar Pradesh showed a constant but below the national level of growth. Further, growth in population of adult female bovines seems to be tapering off with a very low increase in productivity per animal. Hence, this is a good time and opportunity to analyse the growth in milk production. We analyse the growth in terms of supply, demand and price of milk as well price and buffer stock of skim milk powder and its role in maintaining the price at consumer and farmer end. In the short-term, with no immediate market for the incremental quantity within or outside India, much of the incremental quantity is being processed and stored as skim milk powder and butter. This is causing financial strain on the milk purchasers forcing them to reduce their demand and price for fresh milk. As a result, this high growth may be only strengthening the oligopolic market power of milk processors and/or marketers the market structure gives them, over both consumers and milk producers. The constant increase in consumer price is also not expected to be transmitted to the producer, as in a perfectly competitive market. Therefore, this high rate of growth in milk production is boon in the long term helping India remain self-sufficient in milk. However, as the farm gate prices have not only reduced but also become highly volatile making dairy animal rearing high risk venture with uncertain, it is a bane in the short term.

Augmenting Japan’s Bodies and Futures: The Politics of Human-Technology Encounters in Japanese Idol Pop

Економічна система охоплює параметри і характеристики суспільного виробництва, розподілу, обміну та споживання матеріальних благ. В економічній системі вибір і формування як структури, так і способу функціонування є задачами управління, що забезпечують динаміку соціально-економічного розвитку. У структурі системи управління можна виділити: об'єкт управління – це безпосередній пристрій, агрегат, підсистема загальної системи, в якій реалізується мета функціонування всієї системи; управляюча система – представляє собою орган управління (суб'єкт управління), що фіксує параметри об'єкта управління і виробляє керуючі впливи на об'єкт управління; обернений зв'язок – це об'єкт, підсистема, за допомогою якої реалізується вплив управляючої системи на керований об'єкт. Ці елементи разом утворюють замкнену систему управління. Задачі управління економічною системою погано структуровані, і не завжди модель може бути побудована однозначним способом. Це означає, що цілі функціонування багатьох економічних систем не завжди можуть бути чітко сформульовані. Задача управління такою системою полягає в тому, щоб прийняти найкраще рішення для цієї системи. Одним з ефективних методів дослідження економічної динаміки як в теоретичному, так і в прикладному аспекті є динамічні моделі витрати-випуск (моделі міжгалузевого балансу). Математичні залежності між величиною капітальних вкладень і приростом продукції є основою побудови різних варіантів динамічних моделей міжгалузевого балансу. Відмінною рисою динамічних моделей міжгалузевого балансу є виділення виробничих капіталовкладень (інвестицій) зі складу кінцевої продукції і вивчення їх впливу на зростання обсягу виробництва. В роботі складається та аналізується нелінійний варіант динамічної моделі Леонтьєва, розглядається можливість дослідження динамічних рівнянь міжгалузевого балансу при виникненні збурень в елементах матриць прямих матеріальних затрат та внутрішніх інвестицій. За результатами дослідження зроблені висновки про вплив збурень на матриці внутрішніх інвестицій і матеріальних витрат.

Topicality. Modern economic science pays much attention to the issue of social development. However, development is not necessarily accompanied by economic growth - on the contrary, it can create imbalances, disproportions, and conflicts. This is partly caused by poor understanding of the nature and patterns of development. Gaps in research of the logical and epistemological fundamentals of the development concept lead to the formation of erroneous methodological approaches and decision-making based on them that do not meet the requirements of the modern complex, dynamic, non-linear world. Aim and tasks. To investigate the universality of development theories and the possibility of their application to the study of complex economic systems; to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of metaphysical, dialectical and synergetic concepts of development; to review empirical cases of organization, self-organization and development of economic structures. Materials and methods. General scientific methods of research, in particular, logical-historical, systemic-structural, empirical, comparative, theoretical generalization and synthetic evaluations, are used. The theoretical basis of the study is the classical works of famous philosophers and methodologists, such as N. Condorcet, G. Hegel, F. Engels, K. Popper, H. Haken, I. Prigogine. Research results. In the article the main philosophical concepts of development are analyzed and the possibilities of their application to the study of economic systems are investigated. The article reviews the origins of ideas concerning development in the philosophy of ancient thinkers - Hesiod, Heraclitus, Aristotle; ideas of New Age progress theory representatives - A. Turgot, G. Vico, N. Condorcet, T. Hobbes, W. Godwin. The contradictory, progressive and regressive nature of development is revealed in terms of G. Hegel's dialectic. A critical analysis of the basic ideas of materialist dialectic is carried out. The framework for applying the dialectical principle to the study of economic development is defined. A comparative study of the dialectical and synergetic theories of development is conducted. The methodological potential of synergetics and complex systems theory for the study of innovative economic development is analyzed. With the help of empirical cases, it is demonstrated how the basic ideas of dialectics and synergetics are applied in the process of development of macro- and microeconomic systems. Conclusion. The article demonstrates the link between philosophical concepts of development and modern theories of self-organization and complex systems. Application of dialectical principle in economic science has its limitations. Hegel's dialectic is an alternative technique that explains the variability of the world, its constant motion and development, but not as a new logical method. If we reject the dialectic's claims to universality, then it can be used as a descriptive theory that explains certain typical developmental processes. In terms of synergetics, it is possible to explain the development of complex open systems in dynamics, such as economic systems. The categories of order, chaos, self-organization, order parameters, bifurcation, and phase transitions can be used as tools for analyzing economic processes. However, it is important to understand that there is no universal, absolute method of studying social reality in its development, so integration and methodological diversity based on a constant increase in knowledge are crucial.

The research is aimed at optimizing the distribution of material resources in the economy for its simple and expanded reproduction, in particular in the case of ecological and economic interaction, as the optimal interaction of main and ancillary production in ecological and economic systems will allow to determine conditions for the optimal growth of ancillary production, which deals with the disposal of pollution. The economy, in which function the main production (production of material products) and ancillary production (disposal or destruction of pollutants), is considered. As a result of researches the stochastic model of minimization of achievable term of given level of pollutant utilization in multistep ecological and economic systems at restriction on the minimum size of irreversibility of capital investments with use of Wiener and Poisson processes is constructed. This model is investigated using the proposed sufficient optimality conditions for stochastic multi-step systems. The constructed model belongs to the class of ecological and economic models of achieving a given level of pollutant utilization in a minimum period of time. The algorithm is used to calculate the optimal process of the ecological and economic system. Аccording to this algorithm it is necessary to select a multi-tiered mode to build the optimal process and form the appropriate left, middle and right controls; calculate according to the formed controls the corresponding averages of the left, middle and right trajectories and determine the moments of switching controls; find the final moment of the planning horizon; to construct the average optimal process as gluing together at the moments of switching the controls of the averages left with the first middle, middle with each other and the last middle with the right process; calculate stochastic left, middle and right trajectories and construct stochastic left, middle and right processes; to construct a stochastic process as gluing together at the moments of switching of stochastic controls of the left process with the first middle, middle among themselves and the last middle with the right process.

The economic development of a country is impossible without innovation and entrepreneurship. As privately owned economic entities are one of the main drivers of the economy, job creation, as well as the growth of production and consumption, can be said that innovations, with the help of entrepreneurship, drive the national and world economy. Innovation is a crucial element of entrepreneurship, so companies must continuously innovate their business in order to avoid stagnation and possible closure. The causal links between innovation, entrepreneurship and economic development should be carefully analyzed and monitored, taking into account all the circumstances at a given time. Based on such an analysis, it is possible to identify the reasons for the stagnation and decline in their correlation, in order to react more promptly in the future. Inventiveness is the most valuable resource of any company, so it is very important to encourage creative thinking and presenting new ideas. Innovations have a direct impact on increasing productivity and increasing competitiveness, and continuous business innovation implies constant adjustment and the ability to cope in a competitive market. Innovation and entrepreneurship are key to the economic development of any country, as they provide numerous opportunities and variations, applicable in every economic system.

The article deals with the content of the category “sustainable development”. Through the understanding of the signs of sustainable development, the goals of economic entities are substantiated, the directions of transformation of the economic system in accordance with the goals of sustainable development are determined. The goal of modern society is to make more and more profit. The current crisis reveals the limits of profit: markets are becoming global, and further expansion of production is impossible, and credit opportunities to expand demand are becoming limited, which, in turn, are limited by the relatively declining incomes of the population. With the apparent improvement in the quality of life, GDP growth and other indicators, dissatisfaction with the modern economy increases. Since it is quite difficult to abandon the usual goals, the goals of economic entities should be refracted under the pressure of public interest. The spokesman of the public interest is government, but the initiative must come from the mass of the subject, able by his behavior to steer economic development in a new direction is households and individuals, including the self-employed. Orientation of households, each person is not on the maximization of utility, and harmonious creation is the goal of sustainable development. In accordance with this goal, there is no dependence on the constant increase and maintenance of income, the need to intensify labor, high dependence on the level of technology development. In conclusion, the authors suggest that the change of the socio-economic development of society in the direction of sustainable development involves the abandonment of big business, the possible introduction of full or partial policy of protectionism, full state control over the branches of natural monopolies (electricity, utilities, transport, etc.), the nomination as criteria for assessing the development of non-cost indicators of production and capital growth, and indicators of preservation of the biosphere and individual satisfaction with living conditions.

In the article, the problems and prospects for sustainable development of the ecological and economic system of the oil industry are considered in the context of global influences. To do this, the existing problems in the oil industry and their nature are explained. In accordance with the characteristics of the oil field, the importance of the formation and development of the ecological and economic system is substantiated. The negative consequences of environmental problems as a result of global impacts are summarized. The problems of minimizing waste emissions into the environment during production and transportation in oil fields and gases that create a thermal effect are highlighted. The possibilities of effective organization and strengthening of the ecological-economic system in the context of sustainable development are explored. Considering that the growth of oil production in modern times is global in nature, the importance of ensuring environmental safety in the oil industry is emphasized. Taking into account global threats and challenges, generalizations were made and proposals were made regarding the prospects for sustainable development of the environmental and economic system in the oil industry in the near future.

Starting from empirical observations of macroeconomic data from emerging market economies recorded in the second decade of the 2000s, an economic analysis was conducted on these economies'' prerogatives and prospects, with special attention given to possible risks of systemic instability and the general soundness of their social and socio-economic structures. These assessments seem particularly relevant, not only for the countries in question, but because of their growing influence in determining international economic balance in the network of relations with developed countries at large. Indeed, alongside good performance trends in production growth, distribution of new wealth that has exacerbated inequalities can be discerned. Moreover, emerging countries'' economic policies often show a general accommodation to the sole objective of production growth, whilst neglecting to maintain equilibrium within the combined arrangement of all (other) macroeconomic variables. Hence, at first we investigated the constitutive dynamics of these phenomena, using an income diffusion model based on a Pareto probability distribution, then on rheology for the analysis of the peculiar new wealth flows distributed over these countries'' populations as well as any spontaneous redistribution effects induced by transactions among resident agents. At that point, applying the Dynamic New Keynesian model, we represented the system and studied solutions. Finally, we offer a proposal for constant government monitoring of each system, adopting control procedures capable of intervening – by way of economic and monetary policy instruments – where trends showed certain critical levels of instability in the economic system, which are observable from the trajectory diagrams. Keywords Emerging Market Economies, Macroeconomic Dynamics, Monetary Policy Control, Wealth Distribution, Local Stabilization Systems