L-phenylalanine-imprinted polydopamine-coated CdS/CdSe n-n type II heterojunction as an ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical biosensor for the PKU monitoring

Abstract

A simple and highly sensitive photoelectrochemical biosensor towards L-phenylalanine, as a kind of typical essential amino acid and phenylketonuria biomarker was developed on a surface molecular imprinted (MIP) polydopamine-coated CdS/CdSe/Zn heterojunction. Hierarchical marigold flower-like Zn layer decorated by n-type dichalcogenides interfacial heterojunction was successfully designed and synthesized on Ti foil for PEC converter by in situ electrodeposition. A visible-light-driven molecular imprinting film was prepared through the electropolymerization of dopamine in the presence of L-Phe as biomarker. The combination of bio-MIP and photoelectrochemistry overcomes the defects of the PEC method, which is the absence of selectivity, and offers a new PEC sensor with high sensitivity and selectivity based on visible-light-driven heterojunction and biopolymer-enhanced strategy. The unique interfacial between the Zn marigold flower layer as low work function support and CdS/CdSe n-n heterojunction as well as n-type characteristics of polydopamine imprinted by L-Phe biomarker drastically increase the light trapping and absorption in the visible range, and dramatically inhibit the charge carrier recombination, which is crucial for boosting the Bio-PEC activity. Photocatalytic, electrocatalytic and physicochemical properties of the above-mentioned layers were fully characterized. As-prepared PEC biosensor displayed superb performance for the detection of L-Phe biomarker in the optimized condition obtained from central composite design modeling, showing two linear range 0.005–2.5 and 2.5–130 μM and a low detection limit of 0.9 nM. This work suggests that such L-Phe-imprinted polydopamine-coated Zn/CdS/CdSe heterojunction is greatly promising for being applied in photoelectrochemical biosensing with high photo-electron conversion efficiency.