Abstract
Mechanical damage can induce fruiting body production in fungi. In this study, the antioxidant kojic acid (KA) was found to enhance injured mycelial regeneration and increase fruiting body production in Hypsizygus marmoreus. KA reduced the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are harmful to mycelia when excessively generated by mechanical damage. Moreover, KA increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and glutathione and ascorbic acid contents by up-regulating antioxidant gene expression. These results suggest that KA promotes mycelial regeneration in response to damage by activating a “stress signal” and enhances the ability of H. marmoreus to resist oxidative damage by invoking the antioxidant system. In addition, KA increased the content of extracellular ATP, which serves as a “stress signal” in response to injury, and modulated ROS signaling, decreasing NADPH oxidase gene expression and ROS levels in the mycelial-regeneration stage. KA treatment also up-regulated the MAPK, Ca2+ and oxylipin pathways, suggesting their involvement in the damage response. Furthermore, laccase and cellulase activities were stimulated by KA at different developmental stages. These results demonstrate that KA regulates gene expression and activates pathways for mycelial wound healing, regeneration of damaged mycelia and reproductive structure formation in the basidiomycete H. marmoreus.
Highlights
Fruiting body production is induced in maturing mycelia upon exposure to adverse environmental conditions, such as mechanical damage, which affect fungal growth, development, and reproduction [1]
We found that adding 10 mM kojic acid (KA) induces damaged mycelia to heal and regenerate quickly (Fig 1A), and mycelial pigmentation and primordium formation were stimulated when compared to CK, which was only treated with tap water (Fig 1B and 1C)
We found that genes encoding superoxide dismutase (SOD) and CAT were up-regulated to different levels by KA; the activities of CAT and SOD were increased and the contents of GSH and ascorbic acid (AsA) were significantly higher in the KA than in the CK groups (Table 1)
Summary
Fruiting body production is induced in maturing mycelia upon exposure to adverse environmental conditions, such as mechanical damage, which affect fungal growth, development, and reproduction [1]. It is known that mechanical damage results in fruiting body production in the damaged area in Schizophyllum commune [2], knowledge of how other. Kojic acid induced mycelial regeneration in H. marmoreus. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
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