Known-Plaintext Attack and Ciphertext-Only Attack for Encrypted Single-Pixel Imaging

Shuming Jiao,Yang Gao,Ting Lei,Zhenwei Xie,Xiaocong Yuan

doi:10.1109/access.2019.2936119

Shuming Jiao, Yang Gao + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2936119

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Abstract

In many previous works, a single-pixel imaging (SPI) system has been constructed as an optical image encryption system. Unauthorized users are not able to reconstruct the plaintext image from the ciphertext intensity sequence without knowing the illumination pattern key. However, the cryptanalysis of encrypted SPI has been seldom investigated in the past. In this work, we propose a known-plaintext attack scheme and a ciphertext-only attack scheme for an encrypted SPI system for the first time. The known-plaintext attack is implemented by interchanging the roles of illumination patterns and object images in the SPI model. The ciphertext-only attack is implemented based on the statistical features of single-pixel intensity values under certain circumstances. The two schemes can crack encrypted SPI systems and successfully recover the key containing correct illumination patterns.

Highlights

Optical encryption, authentication and watermarking systems [1]–[3] constructed for information security applications have several advantages such as multi-dimensional parallel processing capabilities, fast processing speed and direct processing of physical objects without digitalization
An image encryption system can be physically implemented by adopting various types of optical imaging systems, including but not limited to systems based on double random phase encoding (DRPE) [4], holography [5], [6], integral imaging [7]–[9], ptychography [10], [11], and single-pixel imaging (SPI) [12]–[21]
It is assumed that a varying number of plaintext images and corresponding ciphertext intensity sequences are available to the attacker

Summary

INTRODUCTION

Authentication and watermarking systems [1]–[3] constructed for information security applications have several advantages such as multi-dimensional parallel processing capabilities, fast processing speed and direct processing of physical objects without digitalization. An image encryption system can be physically implemented by adopting various types of optical imaging systems, including but not limited to systems based on double random phase encoding (DRPE) [4], holography [5], [6], integral imaging [7]–[9], ptychography [10], [11], and single-pixel imaging (SPI) [12]–[21]. For other types of optical encryption systems such as DRPE [4], various implementations of encryption systems [30]–[34] and various types of cryptanalysis [35]–[41] including the CPA, KPA and COA have been extensively investigated. A KPA scheme and a COA scheme for encrypted SPI are investigated for the first time

WORKING PRINCIPLES OF AN ENCRYPTED SPI SYSTEM

COA TO AN ENCRYPTED SPI SYSTEM

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

CONCLUSION