Knowledge diplomacy: the role of international higher education, research and innovation in international relations.

Abstract

The contribution of higher education, research and innovation to international relations is increasing in importance and complexity. It warrants close analysis and more research as to the driving rationales and major outcomes, key actors and strategies, fundamental values and how it is conceptualized and labeled. This entry analyses the role of higher education in international relations through a knowledge diplomacy lens. Knowledge diplomacy is defined and the fundamental differences between cultural diplomacy, science diplomacy, soft power and knowledge diplomacy are examined. The eight primary characteristics of knowledge diplomacy are identified and illustrated with brief case studies from around the world. The examples of knowledge diplomacy focus on how through cooperation, reciprocity and mutuality of benefits international higher education can strengthen relations between and among countries to address current global issues. Knowledge diplomacy is not without its challenges and thus key issues and challenges are discussed and further reflection and research are called for.