Abstract
To reduce anthropological pressure on the environment, the implementation of novel technologies in present and future economies is needed for sustainable development. The food industry, with dairy and meat production in particular, has a significant environmental impact. Global poultry production is one of the fastest-growing meat producing sectors and is connected with the generation of burdensome streams of manure, offal and feather waste. In 2020, the EU alone produced around 3.2 million tonnes of poultry feather waste composed primarily of keratin, a protein biopolymer resistant to conventional proteolytic enzymes. If not managed properly, keratin waste can significantly affect ecosystems, contributing to environmental pollution, and pose a serious hazard to human and livestock health. In this article, the application of keratinolytic enzymes and microorganisms for promising novel keratin waste management methods with generation of new value-added products, such as bioactive peptides, vitamins, prion decontamination agents and biomaterials were reviewed.
Highlights
Sustainable Development.In order to reduce anthropological pressure on the environment and to mitigate threats connected with progressing climate change, many governmental, business, social and scientific organizations proposed actions and concepts that could facilitate positive changes and the implementation of novel models and technologies in present and future economies.Sustainable development (SD) is seen as one of the most ambitious and broad models formulated to date [1]
Keratinase from Brevibacterium luteolum is characterized by optimal temperature (Topt ) of 30 ◦ C [44], whereas the enzyme from a thermophilic bacterium Fervidobacterium islandicum
The development of non-pretreated keratin substrate bioconversion could positively affect cost of medium preparation; this increases the feasibility and applicability of the biotechnological process [37]. Though with time such hydrolysates can become a less expensive alternative for peptones in popular microbial media, more research is still required as commercially available protein ingredients are produced in welloptimized processes with product being filtrated for the removal of potential inhibitors, toxins and molecules of high molecular mass [37]
Summary
Biomolecules 2021, 11, 1900 one of the fastest-growing meat producing sectors and is connected with generation of burdensome streams of manure, offal and feather waste [10,11,12]. It is estimated that in 2020, the EU’s poultry meat production of 13.5 million tonnes created around 3.2 million tonnes of feather waste [13]. As the sustainability of the global economy, including closing of production cycles, decarbonization and bioeconomy development, has become of a great need, rational, unconventional and innovative keratin waste management methods are subject of extensive international research, with India, China and Brazil, followed by South Korea, the United States, Egypt and Japan leading in research productivity of that field [12,17]. Keratinolytic microorganisms and keratinases can be applied in various industries, such as leather, textile, chemical, pharmaceutical, food and nutrition industries, as well as in biotechnology and environmental protection [18,19,20]
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