Abstract
The study presents data on the karyotype characteristics and features of chromosomal polymorphism of Chironomus “annularius” sensu Strenzke (1959) (Diptera, Chironomidae) from three populations of the Caucasus region (South and Central Caucasus, and Eastern Ciscaucasia). We found 17 banding sequences in the Caucasian populations. We observed inversion polymorphism in almost all chromosome arms except for arm G. The genetic distances between all the studied populations of Ch. “annularius” were calculated using Nei criteria (1972). In spite of relative geographic proximity, the genetic distances between populations of the Caucasus are quite large, and they do not form a single cluster of Caucasian populations. The population of the South Caucasus goes to the European cluster, the population of the Central Caucasus goes to the Asian cluster and the population of Eastern Ciscaucasia does not belong to any of the outlined clusters. Principal component analysis (PCA) shows a similar picture. Two of the Caucasian populations do not follow Hardy-Weinberg expectation, there being a marked deficiency of heterozygotes in arms A, B and C, arguably, due to negative selection of heterozygotes or founder effect. All the obtained data are indicative of the complex genetic structure of Caucasian populations of Ch. “annularius” and total complexity microevolution processes occurring in the Caucasus region.
Highlights
There are a great number of publications that mention the name of Chironomus annularius from the 18th century (Spies and Sæther 2004)
We found the species Ch. “annularius” in the South Caucasus for the first time
Earlier (Karmokov 2017) we recorded the species for Eastern Ciscaucasia but without data on its karyotype and chromosomal polymorphism
Summary
There are a great number of publications that mention the name of Chironomus annularius from the 18th century (Spies and Sæther 2004). According to Spies and Sæther there are several different species under this name and revision of the species described under the Ch. annularius name is necessary. The most complete descriptions of Ch. annularius morphology and karyotype were presented by Strenzke (1959), Keyl and Keyl (1959), Keyl (1962). For this reason, Spies and Sæther (2004) suggest using the name Ch. According to Kiknadze et al (2016), the species is known from European Russia, the Ural, Western Siberia, the Republics of Altai, Tuva, and Sakha (Yakutia), Kazakhstan, the USA (several sites) and Canada (Alberta, Amisk Lake)
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