Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus complement control protein: KCP – complement inhibition and more

Abstract

The complement system is an important part of innate immunity providing immediate protection against pathogens without a need for previous exposure, as well as priming the adaptive immune response through opsonisation, leukocyte recruitment and enhancing humoral immune responses. Its importance is not only shown through recurring fulminant infections in individuals with complement component deficiencies, but also through the many complement evasion strategies discovered for a wide range of infectious microbes (including acquisition of endogenous host complement inhibitors and expression of own homologues). Knowledge of these mechanisms at a molecular level may aid development of vaccines and novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we review the structure–function studies of the membrane-bound complement inhibitor KCP that is expressed on the surface of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) virions and infected cells. KCP accelerates the decay of classical C3 convertase and induces the degradation of activated complement factors C4b and C3b by a serine proteinase, factor I. Molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis have identified sites on the surface of KCP required for complement inhibition and support the hypothesis that KCP has evolved to mimic the structure and function of endogenous human inhibitors. KCP additionally enhances virion binding to permissive cells through a heparin/heparan sulfate-binding site located at the N-terminus of the protein.