Kū Hou Kuapā: Cultural Restoration Improves Water Budget and Water Quality Dynamics in Heʻeia Fishpond

Paula Möhlenkamp,Mirielle Lopez-Guzman,KeliʻIahonui Kotubetey,Charles Beebe,Margaret Mcmanus,Angela Kawelo,Craig Nelson,Rosanna Alegado

doi:10.3390/su11010161

Paula Möhlenkamp, Mirielle Lopez-Guzman + Show 6 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010161

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Abstract

In Hawaiʻi, the transition from customary subsistence flooded taro agroecosystems, which regulate stream discharge rate trapping sediment and nutrients, to a plantation-style economy (c. the 1840s) led to nearshore sediment deposition—smothering coral reefs and destroying adjacent coastal fisheries and customary fishpond mariculture. To mitigate sediment transport, Rhizophora mangle was introduced in estuaries across Hawaiʻi (c. 1902) further altering fishpond ecosystems. Here, we examine the impact of cultural restoration between 2012–2018 at Heʻeia Fishpond, a 600–800-year-old walled fishpond. Fishpond water quality was assessed by calculating water exchange rates, residence times, salinity distribution, and abundance of microbial indicators prior to and after restoration. We hypothesized that R. mangle removal and concomitant reconstruction of sluice gates would increase mixing and decrease bacterial indicator abundance in the fishpond. We find that Heʻeia Fishpond’s physical environment is primarily tidally driven; wind forcing and river water volume flux are secondary drivers. Post-restoration, two sluice gates in the northeastern region account for >80% of relative water volume flux in the fishpond. Increase in water volume flux exchange rates during spring and neap tide and shorter minimum water residence time corresponded with the reconstruction of a partially obstructed 56 m gap together with the installation of an additional sluice gate in the fishpond wall. Lower mean salinities post-restoration suggests that increased freshwater water volume influx due to R. mangle removal. Spatial distribution of microbial bio-indicator species was inversely correlated with salinity. Average abundance of Enterococcus and Bacteroidales did not significantly change after restoration efforts, however, average abundance of a biomarker specific to birds nesting in the mangroves decreased significantly after restoration. This study demonstrates the positive impact of biocultural restoration regimes on water volume flux into and out of the fishpond, as well as water quality parameters, encouraging the prospect of revitalizing this and other culturally and economically significant sites for sustainable aquaculture in the future.

Highlights

IntroductionNative Hawaiians developed marine aquaculture that utilized natural enrichments via freshwater from surface and submarine groundwater discharge in managed estuaries, called loko i‘a (fishponds) [4]
Wai 1 is located closest to the mouth of He‘eia Stream and allows the bidirectional exchange of fresh and oceanic water [30], whereas Wai 2, located 100 m upstream, has a unidirectional flow of surface water into the loko i‘a. The most upstream makaha was destroyed during flood events in 1927 and 1965 and has not yet been restored and, measurements with current meters in this area were not possible
We have been provided the unique opportunity to examine how historical land use change has altered the functions of coastal habitats and how biocultural restoration maintains and improves the integrity of these coastal ocean ecosystems in the face of rapid global change

Summary

Introduction

Native Hawaiians developed marine aquaculture that utilized natural enrichments via freshwater from surface and submarine groundwater discharge in managed estuaries, called loko i‘a (fishponds) [4]. Water volume flux can be in to or out of the loko i‘a, depending on makaha, tidal stage and other environmental conditions. In this system, unicellular photosynthetic microbes form the base of a complex food web that yield energetically efficient protein production of crustaceans and herbivorous fish species. Kia‘i loko regulate water volume flux or harvest fish by blocking makaha. It is estimated that loko i‘a in Hawai‘i could have yielded approximately 2 million pounds of fish per year total historically [5,6]

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