K. ガウルホーファーにみる「教材体系」の史的考察

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to analize the Gaulhofer's system of subject matters in physical education (System des Schulturnens) from the historical standpoint of physical education. In order to investigate the characteristics of his system, the ideas of physical education reform movement (Turnerneuerungsbewegung) and the trends of the studies on physical education from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century are analized, and then the relationships between these factors and his system are discussed. The main findings are as follows. A lot of the historical heritages of subject matters in physical education were succeeded by his system. Especially, l) hiking (Wandern) developed in youth movement (Jugendbewegung) was evaluated as a valuable material in performance exercises (Leistungsubungen) and adopted as a group of subject matters in his system, 2) various sports, which had occupied the great part of performance exercises, were taken over from sports movement (Sportsbewegung) and play movement (Spielbewegung) and were placed as the central part of the system, 3) corrective exercises (Ausgleichsubungen) developed in north gymnastics movement (Nordische Gymnastikbewegung) were improved and placed in the system, 4) from new gymnastics movement (Neue Gymnastikbewegung), dance and dancing play were succeeded as art movements (Bewegungskunste) and 5) apparatus gymnastics (Geratturnen) developed in German turn movement (Deutsche Turnbewegung) were also succeeded as one of art movements. The originality of Gaulhofer's system was found in the following three aspects. 1) The physical movements were thoroughly considered from the viewpoint of biologicalanthropology, 2) the concept of functional physical movement was defined and the idea of the science of functional physical movement (Funktionelle Bewegungslehre) was brought into the classification of physical movements and finally, 3) in classifying the physical movement materials, both the viewpoint of biological-anthropology and that of the science of functional physical movement were harmoniously integrated.