Abstract
Globalization of agriculture is increasingly calling for improved efficiency and competitiveness of the existing production systems. Plants reproduce in different methods. Sexual reproduction of fruit trees is a rarely used method in horticulture. Mainly applied in research stations to conserve the richness of the gene pool and develop new varieties. On the production side, this method cannot satisfy the requirements for production quality and quantity. In other case plant can be asexually reproduced either by using part of two or more plants in a union or parts of the same plant which in the case of grafts age and in the rooting. All asexual propagation techniques belong one of the two categories. Seeds formed by apomixis have maternal genotype because their embryo is derived from that have not undergone of meiosis and fertilization that define sexual embryo development. Absence of meiotic process and paternal contribution to the embryo genotype do mean that apomixis offers a clonally propagating method of plants through seeds. As in most fruit tree species, walnut tree is a heterozygous plant, therefore the most certain way to get uniform plantations, with higher quality cultivars, is vegetative propagation. Vegetative propagation in walnut tree by grafting is still a difficult method that involves higher expenses. The most methods include Root Cuttings, Softwood cuttings, Hardwood cuttings, vegetative propagation by bud grafting or budding, Vegetative Propagation by grafting. Fruit formation by apomixy theoretical and practical significance; the embryo, being homozygous, is transmitting the similar characteristics of plant. (NICULINA, 2011). One of the most important prerequisites for genetic manipulation of plants in vitro is the ability to grow somatic cells in sterile plant growth medium and to regenerate viable plants from these cultures. Somatic embryogenesis, therefore, is a more efficient pathway for studies involving production of genetically transformed plants.(Kamle et al., 2011). Keywords: embryo, grafting, propagation, rootstocks DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/11-9-02 Publication date: May 31 st 2021
Highlights
Globalization of agriculture is increasingly calling for improved efficiency and competitiveness of the existing production systems
Plant tissue culture offers an effective solution of such problems of propagation of fruit crops
Using seed of a single clonal variety (e.g., 'Red Delicious' apple or 'Bartlett' pear) or seed from a self-fertile cultivar grown in a monoculture; (2) using seed collected from virus-free mother orchards planted in isolation .One problem was that the apple apomicts were of the facultative type, producing zygotic as well as apomictic seeds in their fruits
Summary
Globalization of agriculture is increasingly calling for improved efficiency and competitiveness of the existing production systems. The improvement of fruit trees through conventional breeding techniques has been limited due to inherent problems such as long life cycle with extended juvenile period, floral morphology, existing hybridization barrier, sterility, apomixes and long term inbreeding depression Conventional propagation methods such as grafting, air layering, stooling etc. Many agronomic advantages of apomixis can be envisioned: the rapid generation and multiplication of superior forms through seed from novel, currently underused germplasms; the reduction in cost and time of breeding; the avoidance of complications associated with sexual reproduction, such as pollinators and crosscompatibility; and the avoidance of viral transfer in plants that are typically propagated vegetatively, such as potatoes .(Bicknell & Koltunow, 2004). Man-made Rooting after separation (cuttings) Root cuttings – breadfruit, plum Stem cuttings – grape
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
