Abstract
Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., locally famed as Temulawak, has been extensively utilized in Indonesia as medicinal and nutritional plants since immemorial time. The rhizome of this plant is an important ingredient for jamu formulation (Indonesian traditional medicine). C. xanthorrhiza is traditionally used to treat several ailments such as lack of appetite, stomach disorder, liver illness, constipation, bloody diarrhea, dysentery, arthritis, children's fevers, hypotriglyceridaemia, hemorrhoids, vaginal discharge, rheumatism, and skin eruptions. To date, over 40 active compounds, including terpenoids, curcuminoids, and other phenolic compounds, have been isolated and identified from C. xanthorrhiza Roxb. Some pharmacological tests reported that C. xanthorrhiza Roxb. has antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antitumor, antidiabetic, and skincare and hepatoprotective properties. Efforts for biotechnologically production of C. xanthorrhiza have also been conducted, resulting in some micropropagation protocols of this plant. The current review focuses on the botanical description and distribution, ethnomedicinal uses, production and conservation status, phytochemical properties, and pharmacological activities of C. xanthorrhiza Roxb. to provide accurate and reliable data for future researches and commercialization purposes.
Highlights
Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. is a native Indonesian highly valuable plant locally familiar as “Temulawak” or Java turmeric
Scientific studies showed that the most abundant essential phytochemicals obtained from the C. xanthorrhiza rhizome were terpenoids and curcuminoids [19,20,21]
In vivo tests of aqueous extract of C. xanthorrhiza and pure xanthorrhizol (500 mg/kg dosage) are shown to be nontoxic to mice, prior to clinical trials, we propose that in vivo mice pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic tests must be performed in depth. e logical reason is that in the in vivo systems all the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of a compound are much more complex than the in vitro systems [100]
Summary
Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. (family: Zingiberaceae) is a native Indonesian highly valuable plant locally familiar as “Temulawak” or Java turmeric. (family: Zingiberaceae) is a native Indonesian highly valuable plant locally familiar as “Temulawak” or Java turmeric It is mainly cultivated in Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia, ailand, Vietnam, and Phillippines [1, 2]. To answer the challenge of increasing global market demand for C. xanthorrhiza, several biotechnology studies through in vitro propagation and production have been carried out. Biotechnological treatments such as elicitation with yeast extract and the addition of colchicine have been carried out to enhance the growth of biomass and accumulation of active compound content of C. xanthorrhiza [23, 24]. There are many reports that explain the identification of secondary metabolites and pharmacological activities of C. xanthorrhiza, there is no comprehensive review published for critically summarizing these studies and offering potential future applications for both research and treatment. erefore, here, we review this valuable medicinal plant in terms of botany and taxonomy, geographical distribution, traditional medicinal uses, active compounds, and pharmacological properties
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